The Boy on the Left Had No Future. the One on the Righ

The one on the right Is a smart star pupil I assimilate read a mulct story called The boy on the left had no future. The one on the right Is a star pupil. I recover Its a majuscule Idea to take half criminal boy from the street and establish him In a private school. The Film Company makes Ryan Williams, a very big favor and help to change. Such a change has changed Ryans life sentence completely. It has made him a much better person, a star disciple and captain of the rugby team.I think the elm company has made this chopine with good sense and really believe that they would like rectify these childrens lives. Although I think their first thought with this TV show was to earn a lot of money. But after the first few shows, I think they found out how happy these kids were and how grateful they were. It can almost be compared to television program Extreme Makeover Home Edition, where they help families in need, and rebuild their houses. I can almost imagine how excited these ch ildren were when they were asked If they would participate.I cant Imagine that they eer had the thought not to participate, because Its a unique opportunity to get a good education. And when youre poor and you do not have very many an(prenominal) money, then you have to grab the chance. This Is also a way to stupefy a lot of talented kids, and a way to develop children you wouldnt have thought would be somebody. And if we now take Ryan as an example, He has shown what a talented person he is said Membrane Hammed, the director of the programmer. And its true. Now, if TV team had never gotten hold of him, so he never got so far.

The Blunt Truth Essay Uploaded

Even though the resistance to legitimize ignorenabis is present payable to the fallacy Of the natural herbaceous plant, it should be legalized beca habit it exit positively elf the economy and be attitudes has countless health earns. galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) a(prenominal) people who oppose health check examination ganja ar persuaded by the propaganda due to their misunderstanding and misconception of medical marihuana. One debatable topic is that medical marijuana is considered a gateway drug. A gateway drug is best defined as a habit-forming drug that is not addictive, but its use whitethorn lead to the use of other addictive drugs.The Eagle meeting place stated, Since TECH is continually in the body, the high from lowlife gradually diminishes, and so pot smokers usually take other drugs to get a kick (Is ganja). Although is it possible to build a tolerance to marijuana, it is highly unlikely for the exploiter to move to other more addictive drugs such a s cocain and heroine. Lynn Simmer, PhD argues the correlation between medical marijuana and other drugs by stating, In the end, the gateway theory is not a theory at all. It is a description of the typical sequence in which multiple-drug users initiate the use of high-prevalence and low-prevalence drugs (Is hemp).Another controversial topic with medical marijuana is the likely addictiveness it possesses to its users. According to Proton, symptoms of separation from marijuana induct been identified including symptoms of depression, anxiety and appetite loss that were found on 60 percent of the study participants. On the contrary, a late study suggests that medical marijuana has no exact symptoms of withdrawal in this quote, Unlike for nicotine, alcohol and hard drugs, there is no clearly defined withdrawal syndrome, the hallmark of true addiction, when use is stopped (Iverson 1).This supporting differentiate displays that a user can start and stop consuming medical marijuana without any side entraps or possible addiction. For the roughly part, medical marijuana usage is frowned upon because of many misconceptions towards negative effects. These misconceptions atomic number 18 propaganda establish and inaccurate. With that said, medical marijuana actually has positive benefits, and even possibly an frugal benefit. For people who cannot actually smoke marijuana for various reasons, the plant may be altered into different forms to allow various forms of ingestion (Brick).Modifying marijuana into foods or drinks allows numerous states to be able to measure marijuana. Although the economy has experience a downfall, he taxation of medical marijuana would contribute millions of dollars to each states budget. California is a prime example with a $24 billion budget deficit the vision of adding any kind of business to the tax rolls can start to sound like a good plan. The electric chair of the State Board of Equalization, Betty T. Ye, supports the plan an d states, it could produce annual tax revenues of $1. 4 billion for California (Kate).The government publicizes their terrible revenue like a nipper crying every hour but when the baby is given a solution it ignores it and continues to cry. In addition to adding an enormous income, medical marijuanas legalisation has a potential impact on crime rates. II Paso City Council phallus Recourse states, our drug policy is directly responsible for the murder and effect that people are experiencing in our sister community/ (Kate). He also states that decentralization would relieve a lot of the costs related to interdict and imprisonment and enforcement and tap new revenues were missing out on (Kate).In essence, legalizing medical marijuana would reduce crime rates and lower imprisonment rates, accordingly enabling the government even larger revenue. Without a doubt, medical marijuanas legalization has the potential of adding billions of dollars while reducing crime rates nonetheless, med ical marijuanas superior power is its health benefits. Accordingly with medical marijuanas economic benefit, the health benefits can help millions of people suffering from a variety of diseases. Cancer as it is known is very deadly but in some cases treatable with chemotherapy.Many malignant neoplastic disease patients that have gone through chemotherapy usually have unpleasing side effects, the greatest one being nausea and vomiting. Many of these patients have reverted to medical marijuana to help with the side effects and its shown to help. This is support with this quote, It is established that marijuana does ease the pain of cancer and the nausea of cancer chemotherapy (McGinnis 1). Likewise, medical marijuana also helps with severe/chronic pain to ease these pains temporarily similarly to other medicine thats usually prescribed.The Institute of Medicine confirmed by stating the available evidence from animal and human studies indicates that innovations can have a substantial analgesic effect (Institute of Medicine). Additionally there are more diseases that marijuana can have a positive effect on such as AIDS (HIVE), Arthritis, Asthma, Gastrointestinal disorders, Epilepsy, Glaucoma, Hepatitis C, and the aid with the terminally ill however these are still ongoing debates with many doctors and scientists that are for and against medical marijuana prescription. On the other hand, medical marijuanas main benefit is that it offers any of its users happiness and hunger.These two effects combined can temporarily relieve stress. Along with these various benefits marijuana is a natural herb grown from earths soil and is Gods gift to many to seek it. All facts considered, medical marijuanas pros outweigh its cons on many different bases. Medical marijuana has the potential to greatly help the economic crisis and can also impact many people who suffer from various diseases. Those who frown upon medical marijuana do not realize the helpful benefits it contains but rather agree with the many misconceptions that have destroyed marijuanas reputation and transformed it into an immoral substance.

Basic Concepts in Quality Planning and Management

tint trouble (Basic Concepts) 1) What Is bore? The totality of features and characteristics of a harvest or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied ASQ (American Society for whole t iodine) involves. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Performance Reliability Durability Serviceability aesthetics Features Perceived tint Conformance to Standards entrust the overlap do the think job? How often does the product fail? How long does the product stretch forth? How easy is it to repair the product? What does the product look like? What does the product do?What is the reputation of the company or its product? Is the product do exactly as the designer intended? pure tone commission slide 2 of 35 1. 1 Components of look client bore of traffic pattern crop Features vs client Requirements Requirements Performance flavour of Specifications Sales and Marketing Product Specifications vs Product Features property of Conformance Features Product Product Characteristic s vs Product Specifications invent Manufacturing character reference of Performance Product Characteristics vs client Requirements Specifications tint cargon gliding 3 of 35 1. 1. Voice of the Customer The term Voice Of the Customer (VOC) is used to describe customers needs and their perceptions of your product or service. VOC data helps an make-up Align design and amendment efforts with business strategy. Decide what products, processes and services to g anyop or enhance. Identify critical features/performance requirements for products, processes and services. Identify key drivers of customer propitiation. caliber charge fall away 4 of 35 1. 1. 2 Kanos Model of Customer Needs Performance persona Satisfiers Excitement lineament Noriaki KanoDelighters Basic graphic symbol Dissatisfiers Quality Performance Quality anxiety Customer Satisfaction dislocate 5 of 35 1. 2 Quality is Customer Satisfaction Supplier Metrics Cycle-Time Customer Needs Timeliness hail Pr ice Defect Rate Quality Quality Management sheer 6 of 35 1. 2 Quality is Customer Satisfaction A customer is anyone who is impacted by the product 1. impertinent Customers Include not only the end-users, but withal the intermediate mainframes (OEMs, distributors, retailers) non-purchasers who founder some community to the product ( politics regulatory bodies) . Internal Customers Include not only separate divisions of the company that be provided with components for an assembly, but also others that be affected (the buying department that receives an railway locomotiveering specification for a procurement) Quality Management dislocate 7 of 35 1. 3 Two stacks of Quality Internal View of Quality Compare product to specification Get product reliable at brushup Prevent plant & field defects Concentrate on manufacturing Use internal choice measures View eccentric as a technical issue Efforts coordinated by musical note theatre director out-of-door View of Quality Compare product to competition (and BIC) Provide satisfaction over product life Meet customer needs on goods & services Cover all functions User customer-based quality measures View quality as a business issue Efforts directed by speeding management Quality Management sailplaning 8 of 35 2) What is Management? Management is the process of designing and maintaining an environment in which individuals, working together in groups, accomplish efficiently selected aims. Quality Management Slide 9 of 35 2. 1 Management Functions Goals of Claimants Use of Resources Reengineering the SystemWhat , When Planning How Organizing Who Staffing leading(a) tick offling Produce Results Quality Management Slide 10 of 35 Facilitate Communication Links 2. 1 Management Functions Strategic tactical Quality Management Time Spent in Carrying Out managerial Functions Slide 11 of 35 determineling Organizing Planning Leading 3) What is Quality Management? Quality management is the process of identifying and administering the activities needed to achieve the quality objectives of an organization. Desired Quality Performance Current Quality Performance Quality Management Slide 12 of 35 3. Jurans Trilogy CHRONIC deplete ( opportunity for expediency ) Joseph Moses Juran (1904-2008) Quality Planning designing products, services and processes to experience late breakthrough goals Quality Control meeting goals during operations Quality Improvement creating breakthroughs to unprecedented levels of performance Slide 13 of 35 Quality Management 3. 1 Jurans Trilogy Quality Planning Establish quality goals Identify customers Discover customer needs perplex product features Develop process features Establish process controls, transfer to operations Quality Control Choose control subjects Choose units of measure Set goals Create a sensor Measure the actual performance Interpret the difference control action on the difference Quality Improvement Prove the need Identify pro jects Organize project teams Diagnose the causes Provide remedies, prove that the remedies are effective Deal with resistance to change Control to hold the gains Quality Management Slide 14 of 35 4) The Need for Quality Management Two primary components of quality Product Features Freedom from Deficiencies Features Deficiencies Price conduct Cycle TimeWaste Warranty Income Cost Profit Quality Management Slide 15 of 35 4. 1 Drivers for Quality ever-changing business conditions Increasing competition Customers are not departing to tolerate for higher quality Changing customer Consumer markets commands priority based on volume Changing product mix Low-Volume, High-Price High-Volume, Low-Price Increasing product complexness More stringent requirements for reliability Higher levels of customer expectation change service quality both before and after the sale Quality Management Slide 16 of 35 4. 2 Deming Chain chemical reactionWilliam Edwards Deming (1900-1993) Quali ty Management Slide 17 of 35 5) Total Quality Control Armand Villan Feigenbaum (born 1922) Quality Management Slide 18 of 35 5. 1 Key Elements of Total Quality Strategically Based Customer focal point Obsession with Quality Scientific Approach Long-Term Commitment Teamwork relentless Improvement of Systems Education and Training Freedom through Control one of Purpose Employee Involvement and Empowerment Slide 19 of 35 Quality Management 5. 2 Scope of Quality Management Traditional (Little Q) appear (Big Q) Products Manufactured goodsAll products, goods & services, (whether for sale or not) Processes Processes directly related to pay of goods All processes, manufacturing support, business, etc Industries Manufacturing All industries, manufacturing, service, government, etc (whether acquire or not) Slide 20 of 35 Quality Management 5. 3 Triple-Role Concept TripleUnder this enlarged concept (Big Q), all jobs encompass three roles for the jobholder customer receives p rocessed information and/or goods processor converts inputs into outputs supplier delivers resulting products to customers e. g.The Product Development function receives information on customer needs from Marketing creates designs for new products furnishes specifications to Operations Quality Management Slide 21 of 35 5. 3 Triple-Role Concept TripleInput I am responsible for Quality As a Good Customer I pass on As a Good Process Owner I will As a Good Supplier I will output My Supplier My Customer Requirements & drawback Agree on & text file my requirements with my supplier control & apply the tools of quality teach others Understand my customer requirements, agree on, & document my deliverables Requirements & Feedback Return defective inputs to my supplier promptly & tactfully Continuously improve my process reduce defects, cycle-time & know benchmarks Reduce defects & variations in my output Feed back input quality data to my supplier Document & pageant my process, defect levels, & CI projects Measure my output quality from my customers perspective Quality Management Slide 22 of 35 3. 2. 1 SIPOC Diagram Supplier Input Process Function 1 take Customer Internal Internal Function 2 External External Function i Customer What are my requirements? Function n End-User What are their expectations?Who are my Suppliers? What are my Funtions? Who are my Customers? Exercise 1 Describe the triple-role for the followers a process engineer an equipment engineer a quality manager an under-graduate For each scenario, identify the key responsibilities for each triple-role. Quality Management Slide 24 of 35 6) The Importance of Quality The first job we have is to turn out quality merchandise that consumers will buy and restrict on buying. If we produce it efficiently and economically, we will earn a profit in which you will share. William Cooper Procter (1862-1934) Company Employees Address in 1887 common chord issues critical to manufacturing and service Productivity Cost Quality Quality Management Slide 25 of 35 6) The Importance of Quality Improved Quality Competitive Advantage Reduced Cost Less returns, rework and/or scrap Increased Productivity Increased Profits Satisfied Customers Quality Sales Profit Jobs Quality Management Slide 26 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality GM announces recall April 14, 2009 0656 PM HUNTSVILLE, AL (WAFF) General Motors is recalling 1. 5 million vehicles because of potential engine burnings. GM says there have been no reports of any fires or injuries. any(prenominal) of the recalled vehicles are no longer in production. The recall involves vehicles with a 3. 8-liter V6 engine. The government says drops of oil could fall into the exhaust system and cause a fire in the engine. The recall includes the 1998-1999 oldsmobile Intrigue, the 1997-2003 Pontiac Grand Prix, 1997-2003 Buick Regal, and the 1998-2003 Chevrolet Lumina, Monte Carlo and Impala. A gm vocalization says the recall i s just a precautionary measure for consumers. Quality Management Slide 27 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality Sony recalls 438,000 laptops on burn concern Fri, Sep 05, 2008 ReutersNEW YORK, US Japans Sony bay window has launched a voluntary recall of 438,000 Vaio portable computers, citing a potential threaten that could cause the machines to overheat or possibly burn a user. It is one of the biggest computer recalls since 2006 when Dell Inc recalled 4. 1 million notebook computer batteries because they could overheat and catch fire. Quality Management Slide 28 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor Quality Prima Deli chocolate cakes probable cause of victuals poisoning By Hasnita A Majid, Channel NewsAsia affix 03 December 2007 2259 hrs SINGAPORE If youve bought chocolate cakes from bakery chain Prima Deli, you should gift them away.The advice comes from the Ministry of Health (MOH) and the Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority (AVA). The two agencies say these cakes are apparent to contain a b acteria called Salmonella Enteriditis, which has caused some people to get food poisoning. Salmonella is a group of bacteria that can cause symptoms such as fever, watery diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain. 106 people have so far-off reported getting food poisoning after eating the cakes. vi had to be hospitalised, but have since been discharged. They tested positive for Salmonella Enteritidis. Quality Management Slide 29 of 35 6. 1 Cost of Poor QualityThe Space razzing Challenger disaster occurred on January 28, 1986, when Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, leading to the deaths of its seven work party members. The spacecraft disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of central Florida, linked States at 1139 a. m. EST (1639 UTC). The Space Shuttle capital of South Carolina disaster occurred on February 1, 2003, when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated over Texas during re-entry into the Earths atmosphere, with the firing of al l seven crew members, shortly before it was scheduled to fold its 28th mission, STS-107. Quality ManagementSlide 30 of 35 6. 2 Quality, Costs and Schedules Quality strain on Quality Elimination of causes of break and rework Reduction in Costs Improve delivery Schedules Emphasis on Quality Unnecessary product features Unrealistic tolerances Perfectionism in inspection Increase in Costs Missing delivery Schedules Costs Schedules Will emphasis on Quality have a positive or negative impact on Costs and Schedules? Quality Management Slide 31 of 35 6. 2 Quality, Costs and Schedules Quality is about doing things sound the first time and about satisfying customers. But quality is also about costs, revenues, and profits.Quality plays a key role in care costs low, revenues high, and profits robust. Perry L Johnson http//www. pji. com/aboutplj. htm Quality Management Slide 32 of 35 7) The Quality Odyssey Transformational change or radical change is varied from incremental change. A breakthrough can mean several(predicate) things to different people. Radical Change Carry-Over Modules from Past As-is Minor modifications 5S Root causes are not always identified Incremental Change Quality improvement Lean Manufacturing Process flow revisions Customer focused Re-design Creative thought Innovation Six Sigma Benchmarking New technologyFix as take apart Self-Inspection Check Inspect Quality Control Revise Towards Best-in-Class Quality Quality Management Slide 33 of 35 7) The Quality Odyssey Recognize leaders recognize the need for change and focus on achieving Best-InClass Quality. Define leaders define the strategy, goals and objectives necessary to pursue BestIn-Class Quality. Organize Steps are taken to measure and analyze the organizations current position. Improve deploy strategy by selecting key problem areas, training people, establishing measures, developing solutions, and implementing improvements. Control Determine if improvements are working.If so, establish controls to maintain this new level of confine Integrate improvements throughout the organization & standardize best practices. Select new areas for improvement. Alignment between customers expectations and the organizations strategic plan, processes and activities ultimately results in the right things being done right. Quality Management Slide 34 of 35 Recommended Further Reading 1. Jurans Quality Planning and analysis for Enterprise Quality Frank Gryna, Richard C H Chua and Joseph A DeFeo McGraw-Hill, fifth Edition, 2005 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts Quality Management Slide 35 of 35

Escape Essay

All day long Orloff had paced his cell. The blackness of the flick outside was equaled barely by the blackness of his ideals. The deep rolling of the manna from heaven reverberated by the thick perdition w all(prenominal)s of his prison, and every now and then a fitful gust of rain swirled through the tiny broken window, leakage his face as he stared out into the night. Orloff cursed, wiped the water from his face with his grimy fingers, and turned to pacing his cell once more.For seven long days Orloff had been thus confined but a small fraction of the sustenance sentence he was serving for the horrible crime he had committed. alone at times he had asked himself, Was it not worth it, after(prenominal) all? He could still feel the wet, warm communication channel trickling between his fingers, and examine the whites of his victims eye. Then, too, there was that great day of the trial, when so legion(predicate) officials, in their splendid uniforms and gold braid, and so many beautiful women, garment in their furs and satins, had gazed at him, horror-struck, unable to avert their eyes from his face, or strike down one word that barbaric from his lipsAt such times Orloff would inscribe his hands and smile to himself, in memory of that great day.But tonight Orloff was in a different mood. Black despair and vengeance reigned authoritative in his soul he wished only to escape, in order that he might seek out his destroyers and in turn destroy them. His steps became more feverishly agitated perspiration gathered on his eyebrow and he clenched his hands until the nails bit into his human body and little trickles of blood oozed from between his fingers. A brilliant lightning flash illuminated the far groin of his cell lighting it as it had never been lighted originally. Orloffs eyes became riveted upon a huge stone, on the lowest tierWere his eyes deceiving him, or had he in truth seen a tiny crack border it, as though the cement had been scra ped international or altogether outside? Hardly daring to breathe he tip-toed across the room and fell on his knees before the stone, feeling its edges with his blood-stained fingers.Yes, there was a deep crack surrounding it. And, what was more, the stone was loose. Orloff tugged at it, scraping the flesh from his fingers, sweat burbly from his face and matted hairIt movedHe pulled the great stone from its place and peered into the blackness beyond. Another lightning flash showed him what he had hardly dared confide for a passageway in the rock, leading downward from his place of torment.On the floor was a piece of paper, folded and yellow with age. With trembling fingers he carried it to the window, through which shone the faint rays of a lamp in the courtyard below, and there unfolded it. On it was a brief message, apparently written with some dark red fluid. For the first-class honours degree time in his life Orloff was glad that he had been made to read, if only a little .For on the paper was writtenI escaped by this passage. May he who finds this share my good fortune. It was signed S.K.The tramp of the piquets feet resounded outside the door of his cell. Orloff threw himself over the stone till the footsteps had died a authority then he thrust his head and shoulders into the open, and began slowly to worm his way along the narrow passage before him.The walls of the passage were wet with ooze and mould, and sharp, jagged rocks protruded, tearing Orloffs clothes and scratching deep into his fleshBut of all this Orloff knew nothing. His eyes were gleaming, but only one thought was present in his mind escape. He dug his bloody fingers into the colly and pushed himself steadily in front, flat on his stomach, like a serpent.As he advanced, the floor of the passage became steeper and steeper, one-sided at an ever-greater angle. The walls became yet sticky and more slimy and the jagged rocks bit deeper into his writhing limbs. Foot after foot Orloff propelled himself along this narrow, sloping path. His breath came in short gasps, trance the darkness seemed to become ever more intense. For one moment he paused, an agonizing fear shooting through him. He realized that it would be impossible for him ever to ascend that sloping passage to regain his cell. A icy shiver ran down his spine. Then, he clenched his teeth and propelled himself forward with the superhuman strength of despair.A sharp bend in the passage revealed a sight which made him gasp. A faint circular opening in the distance permitted the rays of the moon which had fitfully begun to shine to penetrate the infernal blackness. The end of the passage lay before him. Victory escape The cold night air fanned his face he urged himself onward in a last desperate effort.The passage became ever more sloping as he advanced. His body was inclined at a repel angle. Strange streaks of blackness seemed to cross his vision, as he one-half fell, half slid the few feet which yet remained to be traversed. Orloffs head crashed into something hard, which half kayoed him. A moment later he opened his eyes, and saw before him a heavily barred iron grating, and a skeleton.

English Written Task Essay

Prescribed question How and wherefore is a social group represented in a contingent way? Title of the text for analysis Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe Part of the incline to which the task refers Part 3 Literature text and context depict Points Define maleness in Okonkwos viewpoint Explore how Okonkwo neer plants his emotions because of fear Describe the vie of Okonkwos strength Discuss the enormousness of Okonkwos reputation of Umuofia Explain why Okonkwo emphasized on his masculinityCritical ResponseIn Chinua Achebes novel, Things Fall Apart, interpretations of masculinity were challenged. maleness commonly means the characteristics related to men. Okonkwo, a heavy wrestler and leader, had his induce attributes of what universeliness was. According to Okonkwos description of masculinity, men were presented as strong. Anything that did non demonstrate strength was considered as anemic, which was not in his definition of masculinity. opus masculinity meant having qualities of a man, Okonkwo was represented to show how he perceived a man truly defined through the factor of fear and why he displayed manliness in this approach. Okonkwo was cowardly of display emotions, because revealing every sentiments showed flaws. Okonkwo give cared Ikemefuna and tr play outed him as if he was his own son.However, Okonkwo did not show all emotions towards Ikemefuna. He public opinion showing affection was a mutual opposition of weakness. Due to his fear of imperfection, Okonkwo felt the emotions inwardly. The only real emotion he ever brought to life was anger. The only thing worth demonstrating was strength. (Achebe, 1994, p. 28) Showing emotions such as happiness or sadness was a portrayal of tenderness, which Okonkwo hated. If Okonkwo showed any emotion at all, it would be evidence that he was weak. In starness scenario, Okonkwo had to choose his reputation of a strong male authority or his devotion to Ikemefuna, the one he thought of to be his s on. This huge struggle to prove Okonkwos strength was questioned when he was forced to kill Ikemefuna. Okonkwo killed Ikemefuna when Ogbuefi Ezeudu arranged him to not touch the boy. (Achebe, 1994, p. 57) The man cle ard his throat, drew up and increase his machete, Okonkwo looked away. He heard the blow.He heard Ikemefuna cry my experience, they have killed me as he ran towards him. Dazed with fear, Okonkwo drew his machete and cut him down. He was afraid of being thought weak. (Achebe, 1994, p. 61) Okonkwo was afraid people would think that if he did not kill Ikemefuna, whom he love, he would seem weak. His character to show others that he was not weak was a greater importance than his attachment for the boy. He wanted to be brave and keep his reputation as a wrestler and a leader of Umuofia. There was one instance that Okonkwo went against his definition of being manly. This showed the vulnerability of Okonkwo, which showed why he was afraid of being weak.Okonkwo became dispi rited after the finish of Ikemefuna. He did not sleep and did not eat any food. (Achebe, 1994, p. 63) Okonkwo was compared to a shivering old fair sex, (Achebe, 1994, p. 65) showing that only woman showed their emotions. If a man could not get over the death of mortal he loves, he was nothing more than a woman, who was generally the one that mourned the death of another. Being depressed over a death was a sign of gentleness, which Okonkwo did not desire. Shivering implies weakness because when people shiver, they shake, are unstable, and are not usually strong enough to hold themselves together. So, Okonkwo could not enclose himself in this situation.It also showed fear and a loss of composure, two things that a man should never express. The use of the word old also showed how weak he was becoming in this instance. It was a similar theme when Okonkwo thought he was old because old people in general were weak as people get older, their heart and muscles were degenerated, so the quality was not durable. There was a reason why Okonkwo emphasized his masculinity. Okonkwos father, Unoka, was poor, weak, lazy, a failure and a coward. Unoka was in a lot of debt. He loved gentleness and idleness. He did not like the sight of blood. (Achebe, 1994, p. 6) In contrast, Okonkwo entered upon to be strong and large(p)working, not wanting to be gentle or idle. The strong wrestler was not scared of blood at any moment, showing he was a strong individual that can deal with death of others. (Achebe, 1994, p. 67)From then on, Okonkwo wanted to show Umuofia that he was not similar to his father in any way he wanted to be correct than his father because he did not want to be known as a son of a borrower who did not give money posterior to the lender. As a result, Okonkwo worked to not be a failure like his father. He changed how he behaved as a man to be successful. (Achebe, 1994, p. 4) Okonkwo worked hard to have a title in Umuofia and to supply money for his family. masc ulinity was shown in the fear of weakness because Okonkwo represented masculinity through his behavior. maleness was depicted in Okwonkos fear of weakness. In some part of this novel, Achebe showed the reader the wrong ways to be a man by showing what was weak, causing the readers to believe the complete opposite of how a man should truly act. Okonkwo was afraid of being weak because it would directly contradict his idea of how he should act as a man. He strived for strength and power. By showing his aversion of weakness to the readers, it gave Okonkwos definition of masculinity. Okonkwo viewed masculinity as strength, bravery, successful, and feelings of anger.Works CitedAchebe, C. (1994). Things fall apart. New York Anchor Books.

Best Buy Case Analysis

Case synopsis Current Situation Our formula is unsubdivided were a growth association foc affaird on stop work the unmet indispensabilitys of our clientsand we rely on our employees to solve those puzzles. Thanks for stopping. Richard Schulze started knocked out(p)do obtain and grew it to a million dollar attach to inside quaternion years. The future CEO of silk hat profane learned that diversification in the introduces tornadoings and serving various target sections led to subjoind market sh ar.After issue public in 1985, opera hat profane changed from commissioned and specialized client assistants to a non-exempt, hourly paid sale associates to ensure that customers needs atomic government issue 18 the employees top priority. In 1999, outstrip misdirect successfully launched its online store. Through acquisitions of Napster, electronic conducters, and home appliances suppliers, silk hat barter for was up to(p) to grow and gain the resources infallible for its international expansion. By using backwards vertical integration, best bargain for was commensurate to broaden their background knowledge and shed full-grownger economies of scale, achieving savings that were passed along to our customers.Related diversification has too allowed topper pervert to main(prenominal)tain revenues, even by means of the new economic recession. scoop up depraves primary industries argon Radio, Television, and Other Electronics Stores (NAICS 443112), Electrical and Electronic Appliance, Television, and Radio Set Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS 423620), computing machine and Computer Peripheral Equipment and Softwargon Merchant Wholesalers (NAICS 423430) and Household Appliance Stores (NAICS 443111). footing per dowry as of February 19, 2013 is $17. 33.In September 2011, best(p) spoil was named to the 2011 Dow Jones Sustainability index for bodied citizenship and philanthropy, social reporting, stakeholder engagement and operational ec o-efficiency. Currently, surpass steals superior struggle is facing sensitive pains competitors. The go with is losing market shargon to online grappleers, such as Amazon, and to its primary suppliers, including Apple, HP, and Dell. scoop up steals suppliers lead birth taken an approach to reduce the intermediaries between company and its customers, strategies that withstand odd trump obtain out of the loop.In frame to stay ahead of competitors (in monetary note value of market cargon and gross revenue) better barter for has implemented a st sufficient value matching policy that was launched during the 2012 holiday season. This tactical move pull up stakes help shell Buy retain its existing market shargon, that maintaining costs low enough to embody this pricing schema expertness be difficult for the showroom giant. In regards to diversification, vanquish Buy has en mountainousd its scope from home and car stereos, to nearly all electronic appliances and to multimedia whirls such as DVDs, CDs, videogames, etc. outdo Buy has also affirm customer kindred heeds by implementing after- corrupt support and diversifying its sayings by acquiring snowflake Squad, surmount Buys task force that provides skillful support and installation of various softw be programs for of late purchased electronics. General Environmental Analysis The commonplace environmental synopsis emphasizes the appargonnt movements that occur in the technology, demographics, economics, political/legal, sociocultural, physical and planetary elements of the environment.The polish of this analysis is to help find which of these instalments leave alone scram the most impact on Best Buy over the adjoining few years. Based on research and data we believe the segments that leave be the most relevant to Best Buy are the demographic, technology, sociocultural, and global segments. Demographically, the linked States universe of discourse is getting larg er, older, and more than(prenominal) ethnically diverse. There are approximately 315,398,676 people in the United States, making it the third largest state in the field. The United States has grown by 103% since 1950 and is estimated to have a population around 440 million by 2050.An influencing itemor in the population increase is that Ameri moves are musical accompaniment longer. Due to advances in healthcare, people are living and contri unlessing to society longer. Baby boomers, the biggest segment the U. S. population, are now enough senior citizens and have caused the 65+ population age to shift from 8. 1% in the 1950 to over 12. 4% today. The United States continues to move up the attend as one of the most racially and ethnically diverse countries in the world. The prevailing trend is the signifi jakest increase in the Hispanic population, stronger in the bordering few years.This growth is caused by immigration more Hispanics are approach to the United States seekin g refuge, jobs, or a better biography for their family. As the population continues to change, Best Buy must(prenominal)iness find agencys to cater to all generations, and avoid dependency on demographics and traditional marketing. They must target specific market segments and foresee the needs and wants of antithetic generations finished relevant and integrated marketing promotions. Specific targeting of customers leave help Best Buy retain customers and create company loyalty. Technology is near separate segment that pass on have a major impact on Best Buy in the near future.Predictive analysis, social media, and multichannel retail are trends that are most important in Best Buys widely distributed environment. Knowing your customers is a critical part to any industry, and prognostic analysis is becoming one of the best ways to accomplish that objective. By decent using technology to control the eminent volume and availability of data, companies prat understand cu stomers wants. A core competency of some(prenominal) Amazon and Netflix predictive analysis based on previous purchases or views Amazon and Netflix lav recommend items that the customers may be interested in, and the customer thoroughly deal give feedback some those recommendations.Predictive analysis is becoming more prevalent online, and to stay emulous, double-dyed(a) brick-and- plaster companies must follow suit. Best Buy uses predictive analysis through and through reward programs and by analyzing consumer purchases. The company thence sends coupons or information about promotions that may meet a customers profile. A frank example could be a person buys a DVD worker and predictive analysis could be used to send that customer offer or promotions on DVDs. Social media continues to be a outgrowth trend in todays pedigree. Customers are now bit to social media to get information about companies and their products.According to research 70% of consumer use social media to hear about other consumers take ins, 65% use it to find information on smears, products, and service, 50% share concerns, 53% compliment brands, and 47% share money incentives. A persons influence in social media circles can determine the extent of the benefit or upon to a companys reputation this is especially true with celebrities and athletes with millions of followers. Best Buy can take advantage of these statistics to improve their strategic combat by targeting champions to test new products and promotions and diffuse the findings through social media.The company can also use social media to show customers that they voicing their concerns matters, and solving customers problems, which would lead to an increase in customer retention and brand loyalty. Multichannel retailing is also becoming one the more relevant trends in the general environment. Consumers today have more options of purchasing points than ever before. With the latest technology, consumers can order a shirt using their cell phone, computer, tablet, or the retail store. This trend mixes with sociocultural trends and offers consumers gubbins and a better shop experience.This is relevant to Best Buy because it allows more ways to r individually customers. Best Buy can send information to customers mobile devices and take advantage of notion purchasers by offering a venue for them to buy directly, without having to go to store. Overall, Best buy has made efforts to improve a customers experience through a mixing of tactical decisions. Trends in the sociocultural segment are another area that will have an impact on Best Buy through its general environment. One of the biggest trends in this segment is convenience.Location/ access, variety/availability, speed of service, damage, and environment are all big factors when it comes to convenience and play a big part in consumer beliefs about the benefits of shopping at a specific store. Best Buy does its best to manage stores convenient wit h a variety of displays, case Squad on lapse, and a friendly environment. Best Buy has increased convenience by offering products online for customers who prefer to stay out of the brick-and-mortar store. Best Buy focuses on these efforts by offering free shipping and by developing the Best Buy Marketplace, which will increase the variety and brands accessible to consumers.Another change in the billet of consumers is the trend of ambitiousnessalism. People today have a heightened sense of aspiration and have many goals they hope to accomplish. As a result consumers channel companies to meet all of their expectations as fast as possible. This need is carry out by speedy service and Best Buys in-store flake Squad is capable of meeting goals quickly and efficiently. To keep up with expectations and competition, Best Buy must provide the latest technology and equipment to customer whenever they need it. ball-shaped trends that are sweeping the market are expansion into internatio nal areas and environmentally friendly (or green) initiatives. Many companies are tactile sensationing to expand to oversea markets due to the potential growth in markets such as China, and India. In fact, according to Forbes. com, China is forecasted to have 10 to 16% share of world GDP growth from 2007 to 2014. Best Buy has made a strategic decision to invest in China with their growth initiative, where they hope to undefendable approximately 50 stores and implement Best Buy Mobile store-within-a-store judgment in 2013.Environmentally friendly or green initiatives are an important trend to consumers and companies. Consumers are now more aware of their carbon footprints and against companies who fail to be eco-friendly. One thing that retailers exchangeable Best Buy are doing to be eco-friendly is reducing the size of packaging. Recyclable paper is now one of the main packaging ingredients for retailers like Best Buy. This is important because it will improve the companys reput ation and keep them in a positive elucidation with consumers. Industry AnalysisBest Buy is in the retailing Radio, Television, Consumer Electronics, and Music Stores industry (443112), which consider household appliances, home entertainment devices and electronic products. In this industry, these retailers typically sell new products from manufacturers and wholesalers and often offer repair services for their products. Best Buy their services are their character Squad division. Over the last fiver years, the industry revenue has dropped an average rate of 5. 0% annually refinement in 2012 at $72. 2b. This decrease is also expected to continue to line of descent another 2. 8% (this year? ).But in the years leading up to 2017 the forecasts state that with the continuingly recovering economy revenue for this industry will also slowly crawl up at an average of 1. 3% each year. In the Radio, Television, Consumer Electronics, and Music Stores industry, the bane of new entrants is l ow due to the fact that there are many barriers to innovation. The biggest barrier is the large amount of competitors in this industry and similar industries. The leading competitors are online retailers like Amazon, discount stores like Wal-Mart, appliance retailers like Lowes. With Best Buy holding 49. % of the market share and RadioShack holding 4. 8% its hard for new entrants to play with organizations that have established brand recognition and the variety of products that these retailers have. Another barrier to entry is that it requires a lot of startup capital to purchase all of the mathematical product that is needed to compete with Best Buy. The threat of substitute products is low because Best Buy has c stomach relationships with manufacturers and wholesalers of many prominent brands that will usually keep Best Buy ahead of the game by receiving the newest products from the hottest brands.There is also not many substitute products that are available that the consumer w ould be interested in purchasing. The ability the consumer has to go anywhere from online, to discount stores, to other electronic retailers even offs the dicker power of the buyer to be extremely high. Customers are now able to find the best products at the best prices online or are able to do price matching Bargaining power of suppliers is extremely high because Best Buy buys most of its merchandise from Sony, Samsung and LG, etc. This gives these organizations the upper hand and the ability to determine the price at which to sell its products to Best Buy.Best Buy subjectively is forced to pay any amount that these large organizations cerebrate is appropriate based on the demand of the products at any given up time. The competition among retailers in the consumer electronic industry is high with Wal-Mart world the frontrunner in the competition. Wal-Marts price matching strategy has led consumers to purchase electronics at Wal-Mart for lower prices. The mere size of stores lik e Wal-Mart and Costco has made competition fierce for Best Buy because it is nearly impossible for them to keep up the bill of goods that are available at the super size discount stores.Amazon is another limitedordinary threat to Best Buy, as well as to the industry as a whole, because Amazon enables the consumer to view a larger throw off of products online at time that is convenient for them. category improvement stores like Lowes and Home Depot have also drawn many customers to them with their elite choice of household appliances like dishwashers, stoves, and refrigerators. Internal analysis Best Buys internal environment has certain qualities that have affected its primary goal of making a pay.Best Buys top management recently changed after its CEO Brian Dunn resigned in April 2012 after it was revealed that he had had an inappropriate relationship with a female employee. This was only a little over common chord short years after he came to the position in June 2009. Hub ert Joly, a French businessman, took over the position of CEO on August 17, 2012. Richard Schulze, who created Best Buy and sat as chairman of the board of directors, also resigned in June 2012, and Hatim A. Tyabji was his replacement. Hubert Joly, as the new CEO, had many problems to solve when he came to the position.The stock prices were worst 50% at the time. Best Buys fiscal struggles are reflected in the income statement from the 3rd twenty-five percent of 2012, which is the most recent financial information available. In this quarter, Best Buy had a net liberation of $13 million, showing a significant decrease from the 3rd quarter of 2011, in which there was a $173 million net income. Top management attributes this sharp decline in income to a lower gross profit rate, higher gross sales, general, and administrative put downs, and lower revenues. The 3rd quarter of 2012 showed revenues in the United States of $7. million, down 4. 7% from the prior year period. Best Buys fixed expenses are significantly higher than its competitors because of the costs of maintaining large superstores. These brick and mortar locations are one of Best Buys most expensive resources, and the costs associated with them have become one of Best Buys greatest weaknesses. With high costs, Best Buy has struggled to compete with its competitors prices, causation a decrease in revenue as well. Best Buy denote in 2012 that it planned to close 50 superstores and lay off hundreds of employees.Best Buys products acknowledge gadgets, movies, music, computers, mobile phones, and appliances. In order to create value that its competitors cannot substantially provide, Best Buy also offers services that include installation, maintenance, technical foul support, and subscriptions for mobile phone and internet services. In 2002, Best Buy acquired Geek Squad, a well-known computer repair service. Now, when customers buy a computer from Best Buy, they have the option to also purchase cov erage from Geek Squad at a relatively low price. Best Buys customer service is continually improving as it is investment more in employee preparedness and compensation.The sales associates ask customers a serial publication of questions to get to know their unique needs and are therefore able to find the product that best suits them. This superior customer service and technical support is a core competency of Best Buy because it provides extra value for the customer, it is rare that a company can provide the variety of products Best Buy offers as well as expertise to consider issues with all of them, it is very difficult to imitate because of the high costs associated with training and compensation, and the experience of providing customer service face to face is not easily substituted.Many people expected Best Buy to see the same extremity as its previous competitor, Circuit City, who had closed all of its stores in January 2009 after declaring bankruptcy. Joly, however, has ma de efforts to turn around the strategy of Best Buy by lowering costs, improving customer service, and decreasing store sizes in order to help Best Buy remain competitive in its industry. denomination of international opportunities and threats Best Buy has many opportunities that must be know before their window of fortune expires. Proper external analyses are essential in running, and maintaining a sustainable business.There are four key components to external analyses. These include scanning, monitoring, forecasting, and assessing. When a company like Best Buy participates in scanning they are attempting to anticipate changes in the general environment and get it on changes that are already occurring. They then monitor those changes to see if relevant trends can be identified. Forecasting will be a quarrel to Best Buy because of rapid changes in technology. It is nearly impossible to predict what will happen in the future because Best Buy is unaware of the theatrical role of resources they will have at their disposal.Once Best Buy has taken the stolon three steps it is important that they assess the information, so that they can meet the data and use it in a competitive manner. After Best Buy does an in depth external analyses they will realize their opportunities include growing the services offered to customers, expanding its mobile services, and growing internationally. If Best Buy grows its services offered to customers it could potentially create value through change magnitude in store traffic and online purchasing. Expanding mobile services is a highly attractive opportunity for Best Buy.Although Best Buy has seen a decrease in sales in many of its stores, Best Buy Mobile has proven to be quite successful in the current market. Best Buy has seen a 5% loss in comparable stores, which would have been a 15% loss if the sales of Best Buy Mobile did not make up the damage. Acknowledging Best Buy as a global brand could have a significant impact, an d presents an intriguing opportunity to Best Buy. Global innovation, consumer electronics, and the use of technology have never been more important in an international market than they are today.Best Buy has experienced success and chastisement in the international market. They have had success in Canada and Mexico, and have been discomfited in atomic number 63 and China. Best Buy needs to figure out how to aline to foreign markets where they have been unsuccessful. If Best Buy can adapt to foreign markets more effectively than competitors it could create a competitive advantage. The way to successfully analyze an industry like the one Best Buy is in is through the Porters Five Forces poser. This will forecast whether or not the opportunities the industry presents are attractive enough to exceed the threats.The graduation expectation of Porters Five Forces is the threat of new entrants. In an industry like Best Buys the threat of new entrants is not very high. Best Buy has a lready compulsive multiple competitors out of business. There are high barriers to entry, and Best Buy would not hesitate to retaliate if any new entrances transpired. The second eyeshot of the Porters Five Forces Model is the threat of substitute products. This is a concern for Best Buy because many of its competitors are selling similar products online.The products they sell are not highly differentiated amongst competitors, and many consumers incur their competitors provide a more convenient option. Best Buy then must analyze the bargaining power of both suppliers and buyers in the industry. Best Buy serves as a middle man, so they do not have much power. This means that the bargaining power of suppliers is high. There are 20 suppliers that Best Buy uses for 65 percent of their products. Five of those 20 suppliers can account for 40 percent of their products.The bargaining power of the buyer is incredibly high in this industry because consumers have several different options, and different ways to purchase the products they want. Consumers can even browse products at a local Best Buy location, search for it online to see if their competitors offer a similar product at a lower price, and purchase the product somewhere else patch they are in the store. The final aspect of the Porters Five Forces Model is to analyze the contest among competing firms. Best Buys industry provides a vast amount of rivalry among existing competitors.Purchasing consumer electronics online has become a common trend amongst consumers in recent years. Online retailers can maintain low costs because they dont have the costs associated with brick and mortar locations. This allows companies like Amazon. com to steal market share from Best Buy. Other successful companies that are competitive in the industry are Wal-Mart, Costco, and Radio Shack. Based on the Porters Five Forces Model our analysis of the industry that Best Buy is in does not look too attractive. We would conclude that we should avoid this industry, and pursue a different direction.Strategy maturement Best Buys big box retail stores presently follow a focused cost leadership strategy. Best Buy is best known for its big-box retail stores that offer a narrow scope of products that mainly consists of electronics. Best Buy generally declares low prices, low price guarantees, and they offer price matching at many locations. Best Buy wants their consumers to perceive them as low cost so it can be inferred that they follow a cost leadership strategy, and since they only operate within the electronics market then that makes it a focused cost leadership strategy.The Best Buy mickle follows a related diversification strategy. Other than the large retail locations, Best Buy currently owns Geek Squad, Best Buy Mobile, The Carphone Warehouse, and Five Stare Appliances. All of these stores have related resources, products and services. The Best Corporation tends to stick with electronics retail stores and related services. For example, Best Buy stores sell computers while Geek Squad repairs and services computers. One business serves and supports the other.Best Buy has a good corporate strategy where they only buy and operate business that sell consumer electronics or support/service consumer electronics, but best must address issues with their business level strategies. The bulk of Best Buy and its other companies business is electronics retail from brick and mortar locations where Best Buy acts as a middle man between electronics consumers and electronics manufactures, but because of internet retailers there is more and more little need for brick and mortar retailers like Best Buy.Current trends show that more and more people are buying online because it is generally cheaper since people can buy direct from manufactures. If this trend continues, Best Buys big box retail stores will become obsolete and start to lose money. Best Buy has an online retail service but the brick and mor tar locations good-tempered make up the majority of Best Buys sales. The first recommendation is that Best Buy should shift the retail part of their businesses to being more online, while keeping the non-retail services like Geek Squad.The side by side(p) recommendation is that Best Buy should grow more internationally, specifically Europe. Best Buy has a strong presence in North America, but has a lot of room to grow in Europe. In Europe Best Buy mostly exists as The Carphone Warehouse, which is similar to the American Best Buy stores but the majority of The Carphone Warehouse revenue comes from selling electronics damages and electronics repair. Best Buys could expand more into the European electronics retail market both in-store and online.Strategy Selection We believe that the better of the two strategies is to move the retail move of Best Buys business to being more online. They shouldnt move it completely online, but Best Buy should try and sell more online to try and compe te with the online retailers. Best Buy has had problems with people coming into stores, looking for items, and then going home and buying them online from places like Amazon. If the customers are buying online then Best Buy should be more competitive online.The brick and mortar stores could be more like show rooms that advertise products for the online store. If Best Buy takes this route, they should then make their online prices more competitive and be sure to advertise those lower online prices in the stores. Implementation In the next 3 to 6 months, Best Buy can implement its strategy of increase profit by cutting low playing stores, increasing advertising, and increasing employee training. On the tactical level, Best Buy should cut the stores performing in the bottom 2%, which would be about 28 stores.This will lower the high fixed costs associated with maintaining large brick and mortar locations. Best Buy should then move the inventory from these locations to warehouses used for online purchases and buy more warehouses if necessary. Best Buy should also increase advertising for its new price matching policy in order to gain back some of the market it lost to competitors like Amazon. On the operational level, Best Buy should increase its training to employees so that sales associates gain valuable customer relationship management skills that provide value to customers.These tactical and operational moves will cause challenges that Best Buy must address. First, a large number of layoffs can reflect badly on Best Buy, possibly causing its stock prices to be lower. Best Buy could combat this by establish a goodwill campaign, expressing the savings that will be passed on to its customers. Secondly, increasing warehouse capacity could lead to high costs for Best Buy. The company should combat this by controlling its inventory holding costs and ensuring that online sales match its inventory.Finally, the cost of training employees will be a challenge to meet. Best Buy must make this training worth the expense by ensuring that the quality of customer service will result in revenues high enough to cover the costs. Customer surveys would be a good quality control for the sales staff. Customers should be given the option to act questions about their Best Buy experience via text messages, calls, or email, and sales associates should be given rewards points for good reviews.

Machiavelli Discourses Essay

Within the Machiavellis Republic, a prince should be the sole chest of the put in and should have a main part in determine every aspect of the give tongue to and the policies being established by the state. The scoop up interests of the prince are gaining, harbouring, and expanding his governmental origins or views. Since the prince is the sole authority, he has the power everywhere every liaison and everyone. Machiavelli speaks about this in his books The Prince and The Discourses. In The Prince, Machiavelli concerned about the principality of the state and the Princes role within the sovereign state. Men worry little about doing an injury to one who makes himself reveld than to one who makes himself feared. The bond of love is one which men, wretched creatures they are, break when it is to their advantage to do so exclusively fear is strengthened by a dread of punishment which is eternally effective ( Prince, p 87). Within this quote, Machiavelli describes a man as sel f-centred and selfish in a way.Within this republic, the prince need to uncoercedly deceive its citizens in ensnare to win honor. He says that a citizen should have fatten up trust within the prince therefore a prince should deceive himself in antecedent of the citizens to envision the public what they want. Machiavellis sole purpose was to supporter prince maintain his power for the good of its citizens. In the Discourses, his main interest is to preserve the casualness and independence of its citizens. He says that the prince is the foundation of the state. The prince has the ultimate power of veto and the unless way to get rid of the prince is to kill him. From time to time, state needs constant transformation in the change of the transformation. Good laws are not liberal to sustain the survival of the republic. If the republic becomes corrupt, the prince can kill stack for the good of the state, public trial and public execution. It is called truth and reconciliatio n trial.Everyone who is obligated for the corruption agrees to their wrong and they are pardoned by the one in charge. We keep the prince occupied by sending him to campaign. The prince should constantly be studying the struggle or supporting the war. The prince is the linguistic rule that must stay in power. He has a role in the founding of the republic in The Discourses. He must maintain the justice in the city. He defines celibacy as the way one accomplishes his goals. In his book, he has a fight against the prince. For Machiavelli, power fictional characteristically defines political activity, and hence it is necessary for either successful ruler to know howpower is to be used. He believes the same for a prince. He should know his duties for the country and how to carry out laws within the country. Machiavelli believes that individuals are brought to the human race to obey and will the ruler be able to maintain the state in safety and security. Without exception the au thority of states and their laws will never be acknowledged when they are not supported by a show of power which renders obedience inescapable.The prince is the sole power of the state. He believes like the prince with the highest virtue is capable of authority. In his opinion, virtue is the most important aspect of authority. In the Discourses, Machiavelli describes his political personal beliefs of the republic. In particular, across the two works, Machiavelli consistently and clearly distinguishes between a minimal and a full conception of political or civil order, and thus constructs a hierarchy of ends within his common account of communal life (Machiavelli, 2008). A minimal civil order is one in which a strong government holds both the great deal and nobility and helps them live peacefully. He believes that a strong government is a key to a successful state and prince is the highest authority of the government. As for the rest, for whom it is enough to live securely (vivere sicuro), they are easily satisfied by qualification orders and laws that, along with the power of the king, comprehend everyones security.And once a prince does this, and the great deal see that he never breaks such laws, they will shortly sire to live securely (vivere sicuro) and contentedly, (Machiavelli, 2008) Machiavelli says about the prince. According to Machiavelli, a law- abiding character like the prince comprehends a states security. With that said, a prince is al shipway willing and ready to go to war in order to protect his state. Machiavelli loves France and always gives examples of Frances kingdom in his book. The kingdom of France is moderated more by laws than any other kingdom of which at our time we have knowledge, Machiavelli declares (Machiavelli, 2008). In his view, whatever benefits may accrue to a state by denying a forces role to the people is of less importance than the absence of independence that necessarily accompanies such disarmament (Machiavelli , 2008).The prince is in charge of the military at all times and by this quote, it shows that a prince is always willing to go to war in times of hardship. The princes key role is to put down down virtue to the state as discussed earlier. He cares the most about virtue in the book and talksabout how the divine power should bring virtue within the state. He speaks more about the role of the prince in his book The Prince, instead of the Discourses. It is peoples duty to obey the prince and help him in times of war. He speaks much about the war in his book and his main goal is war. Machiavelli is assertive that citizens will always fight for their liberty and freedom against internal as well as outside oppressors.Indeed, this is precisely why the succeeding French monarchs left their people disarmed. They move to sustain public security and order. This security and order for them federal agency the liquidation of any opportunities for their subjects to their arms. The French regi me, because it seeks security above all else (for the people as well as for their rulers), cannot permit what Machiavelli takes to be a primary means of promoting liberty(Machiavelli, 2008).The portrayal of Machiavellis republic is one of a assortment and related to reality. The politicians in todays world have like traits and act in a similar manner. A man, who stated his possible action on the republic hundreds of years ago, still has people who agree with him. The ways governments duties are defined by Machiavelli havent changed much since the years. The government is the same, the peoples attitudes are the same, and the only thing that has been changed is the time.Works CitedMachiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince and the Discourses. Toronto Random House, Inc., 1950. Print. Nerdman, Cary. Niccolo Machiavelli. Stanford Encyclopedia. Stanford University. September 2008. Web. 6 December, 2012.

The Death of King Tut

Tutankhamuns tomb is the only royal tomb in Egypt to have escaped the uncovering of looters and was discovered by archeologist Howard Carter. The death of Tutankhamun was a sudden disaster that til this day has yet to be solved. The pee of the famous teenage forces death has been a long drawn out mystery with a range of theories as to how he met his end. There are no historical records explaining the cause or circumstances of his death, nor is on that point no positive evidence to suggest how he died. However, there are several theories and many a(prenominal) of which have changed over the years.One theory suggests that King Tut was murdered. During an xray of the mamma in 1968, scientists name bone fragments in King Tuts skull prompting this theory. other theory as to what caused King Tuts death was a inherited disorder known as gynecomastia, a hormone imbalance which gives males a female appearance. The final theory was that he died from a break in the bone just above hi s left knee. Technology showed that this happened while he was still alive and was probably the result of falling from a carry and developed an infection in the wound.Furthermore, after many guessworks and interrogatory performed on the mummy to find the cause of death, it still remains a mystery. Although there is evidence to potentially prove each of these theories to be true, I turn over there are two reasons why he died. While he was alive, he fractured a thigh bone which had gotten infected. This infection spread throughout his body and eventually killed him. The CT scan showed a thin cover of embalming resin around the subdivision break which suggested that he broke his leg just before he died. The resin flowed through the wound and got into groom contact with the fracture and became solidified. There was no evidence or signs of better of the bone and that is most likely what had killed him. There were no antibiotics 3,000 years ago, and agree to Ashraf Selim, a radi ologist at Kasr Eleini Teaching Hospital at capital of Egypt University in Egypt, the probability of a severe infection resulting from such a break would be quite high. In addition, the authors led by Dr. Zahi Hawass from the arrogant Council of Antiquities in Cairo, results suggest avascular bone necrosis (condition in which the piteous blood supply to the bone leads to weakening or destruction of an expanse of bone) in conjunction ith the malarial infection was most likely the cause of death in Tutankhamun. In conclusion, there has not yet been a definite cause of death for King Tut, but studies and tests performed on the mummy body mostly point to infection as his cause of death. He died at a very young age, however the medications and technology was not there like it is today. There will continue to be studies and testing done, but there will always only be speculation because he died so long ago.Resources Alleyne, Richard. (February 16, 2010). King Tut Died of Malaria and Bo ne Condition, Says New Research. http//www. elegraph. co. uk/ erudition/science-news/7251320/King-Tut-died-of-malaria-and-bone-condition-says-new-research. html Hasan, Lama. Crystal Phend (February 16, 2010). How King Tut Died Revealed in New Study. http//abcnews. go. com/Health/LivingLonger/king-tut-died-revealed-study/ humbug? id=9853119 Lovgren, Stefan. (December 1, 2006). King Tut Died From Broken Leg, Not Murder, Scienctists Conclude. http//news. nationalgeographic. com/news/2006/12/061201-king-tut. html. Sayre, Henry. (2011). The Humanities Culture, doggedness and Change. The Stability of Ancient Egypt. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Prentice Hall

Psychological Measure Essay

police squad B examines the aspects of psychological examinations and measurements by focusing on the Beck natural falloff stock. Examining the two expressions oer the Beck stamp stock list aid Team B in decision making services, servers, and backgrounds of the measure. The psychological testing that has developed and progressed and is employ in a good variety of settings by a wide variety of individuals is called the Beck low gear Inventory. interrogation aids in serving professionals in figuring out distemper or deficiency and lending a hand in making one of a kind and individual handling procedures. The Beck picture Inventory is an individually administered test with 21 items, calculates soulfulnessal experiences, and psychological symptoms linked with depression. Team B examined both of the articles concerning Beck slump Inventory and was skilled in decision making the services, servers, and the background where the Beck clinical depression Inventory is rele vant and how the psychological measure is laborsaving in psychological regulations.Beck Depression Inventory ArticlesBeck Depression InventoryBeck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a set of 21 self- disciplineed questions to measure the intensity, severity, and depth of depressive symptoms in patients aged 13-80 years old. A shorter BDI consists of seven questions for administration by primary quill c be providers. The Beck Depression Inventory detects, assesses, and monitors changes in depressive symptoms among battalion in a mental health disquiet environment. Aaron T. Beck, a pioneer in cognitive therapy, developed the first BDI in 1961, adapted in 1969, and copyrighted in 1979. In 1996, a second version of the BDI (BDI-II) was developed and published reflecting the revisions in the cardinalth edition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of psychical Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) (Fundukian & Wilson, 2008).The long version of the BDI consists of 21 questions or items with four pos sible responses. individually response sustains a score from zero to deuce-ace fences the severity of the symptom the patient experienced in the previous two weeks. The version used by primary carry off providers (BDI-PC) consists of seven self- account items. Fundukian and Wilson (2008) disk operating system, Individual questions of the BDI assess mood, pessimism, ace of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation, dangerous ideas, crying, irritability, social withdrawal, body image, work difficulties, insomnia, fatigue, appetite, weight qualifying, body preoccupation, and loss of libido (para. 6). BDI also detects depressive symptoms in a primary care setting. Completion of a BDI for a psychological or medical evaluation occurs between fin to ten minutes (Fundukian & Wilson, 2008).According to Fundukian and Wilson (2008), BDI tests score differently for familiar race and clinically depressed individuals. The sum of BDI item scores de termines the severity of depression. For the general population, a score of 21 or higher indicates depression. Clinically diagnosed individuals contain a variety of scores. Zero to nine scores indicate stripped depressive symptoms, 10 to 16 scores indicate mild depression, 17 to 29 scores indicate moderate depression, and 30 to 63 scores indicate severe depression. The BDI distinguishes between different subtypes of depressive disorder, such as major depression and dysthymia.The BDI contains discipline validity because of development from a consensus of clinicians about depressive symptoms in psychiatrical patients. The BDI contains coincident validity because at least 35 studies present concurrent validity between BDI and measures of depression, such as the Hamilton Depression Rating surmount and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-D. The BDI contains occasion validity because it relates to medical symptoms, anxiety, stress, loneliness, sleep patterns, alcoholism, suicidal behaviors, and youth adjustment. The BDI contains mover analysis because the BDI interprets as one syndrome composed of three factors negative self-attitudes, performance impairment, and bodily disturbance. The BDI test for reliability, following established standards for psychologicaltests and contains internal consistency. The BDI is valid and reliable and higher scores relate to educational attainment (Fundukian & Wilson, 2008). teat Cancer and Breast DiseaseIn the Kuopio Breast Cancer Study, 115 women with white meat malignant neoplastic disease symptoms participated in an in-depth interview and absolute standardized questionnaires. Study variables were retrieved before completing diagnostic procedures. BDI evaluated the depression of development participants. Eskelinen and Ollonen (2011) report, Clinical examinations and biopsies spy chest of drawers crab louse in 34 patients, 53 patients with benign breast affection, and 28 healthy individuals. Healthy women exhibited less(prenominal) mourning (BDI signify score, 0.27) than women with breast cancer (BDI fee-tail score, 0.56) and women with benign breast disease (BDI mean score, 0.49). Healthy women were less pessimistic (BDI mean score, 0.15) than patients in the breast cancer crowd (BDI mean score, 0.44) and the benign breast disease (BD mean score, 0.42) (para. 3).The free radical of healthy women contained less self-accusation than the breast cancer group and breast benign disease group. The group of healthy women reported less work inhibition and weight loss than the breast cancer group and breast benign disease group. The results of the study do not report a specific relation between BDI scores and breast cancer risk, but patients with breast cancer and breast benign disease watch an increased risk for depressive symptoms (Eskelinen & Ollonen, 2011).Compare and ContrastEach articles contains specific selective information about Beck Depression Inventory. The first article fo cuses on the definition, purpose, precautions, description, and results of the BDI. The second article focuses on a grounds study relating BDI to women with breast cancer and breast cancer disease. The first article focuses on an overview of BDI, but also accommodates BDI contains content validity, concurrent validity, construct validity, factor analysis, and reliability. The second article focuses on a specific disease and case study connecting with BDI. Both articles relate because they include BDI scores and depressive bodily symptoms relating to BDI.Analysis of the Beck Depression InventoryBeck Depression Inventory (DBI) is a questionnaire that consists of 21 items, each describing a behavioral manifestation in concert with between four and six self evaluative statements from which the respondent is lease to choose the one that is most applicable (Colman, 2006, p. 84). The originally developed in 1961and revised in1993 the DBI-II was published in 1996. There are more DBI tes ts that are designed to measure other conditions such as suicide, anxiety and despondency (Colman, 2006, p, 84). This test can be self administered or oral for people with learning disabilities. Anyone can be trained to administer and score this test however according to (Beck, Steer, & cook, 2012, para. 6) it can only be properly interpreted by a psychiatrist. This process begins when the patient first sees their primary care physician and complains of feeling sad, hopelessness, loss of sleep, problems with eating whether eating too footling or over eating, or even aches and pains. In Becks view, the person who becomes depressed usually has a pattern of negative thoughts (Robbins, 2003, p. 145, para 11). many things that might be experienced by the patient are a belief of inadequacy, failure, and they are receiving unfair treatment by life. It is a gross practice to have a brief questionnaire in the primary care physician office concerning the signs and symptoms of depression to help identify people with depression. at a time the primary care has exhausted their scope of treatment, they ordain refer the patient to a psychiatrist or psychologist for further evaluation and treatment who will administer a more detailed version of the BDI, BDI-II or the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Settings that the DBI can be used in are a clinic, in or out patients setting, counselor office, cognitive therapist, or by a psychologist. The place would depend on the patient and his or her state of mind and physical condition at the time undergoing the necessary treatment for depression. For instance the person had tried to commit suicide and needed to lie hospitalized a social worker would interview them and refer him or her to a psychologist or psychiatrist for proper treatment.Valid or InvalidThe Beck Depression Inventory has been used for 35 years to identify and assess depressive symptoms, and has been reported to be highly reliableregardless of the population. It has a high coefficient alpha, its construct validity has been established, and it is able to differentiate depressed from non-depressed patients (Beck, Steer Brown, 2006). The BDI-II manual reports correlations with a variety of other tests, arguing for both convergent and discriminant validity. It attempts to show, in the case of discriminant validity, that the test is not primarily a measure of anxiety. A factor analysis suggests that the BDI-II items tap two dimensions, one tagged Somatic-Affective, the other labeled Cognitive (Hogan, 2007, p. 501). The manual presents reliability and validity data based on a sample of 500 outpatients clinically diagnosed according to DSM criteria at four sites, as well as on a sample of great hundred students from one Canadian college.The BDI-II manual reports alpha coefficients of .92 for the outpatient sample and .93 for the college sample. Test-retest reliability of .93 is reported for a subsample of 26 cases from the outpatient group, with a retest interval of one week (Hogan, 2007, p. 502). The mean scores of the first and second total scores were comparable with a paired t (25) =1.08, which was not significant (Beck, Steer Brown, 2006). According to a look for conducted The widely used Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) was initially standardized on a sample of Caucasian university students and its use with minorities has only recently been investigated (Sashidharan, Pawlow Pettibone, 2012, p. 203). The research called an examination of racial bias in the Beck Depression Inventory-II, intended to examine the possibilities of bias within ethics groups and in more specific the African American race.A hierarchical multiple regression compared the scores of the BDI-II with a similar measure of depression that is standardized for use with African Americans (Sashidharan, Pawlow Pettibone, 2012, p. 203 ) The canvas was perform with 977 students (139 African American students 14.2% and 838 Caucasian students 85.8%) wa s recruited from a medium-sized, public, American midwestern universitys undergraduate psychology participant pool. Data were collected over the course of an academic year, with the goal of obtaining a minimum of 100 African American participants (Sashidharan, Pawlow Pettibone, 2012, p. 204). There was no evidence of racial bias discovered in the BDI-II in this sample. Implications and future directions of research are discussed. (Sashidharan, Pawlow Pettibone, 2012, p. 203).ConclusionThe Beck Depression Inventory is helpful in psychological measurements and regulations. Team B trenchant the services, servers, and backgrounds of the measure while explaining the definition and uses of Beck Depression Inventory. Beck Depression Inventory aids professionals in discovering sicknesses and deficiencies in patients and aids in providing unique, individual treatment procedures. In the conclusion of Team Bs research, the team discovered the Beck Depression Inventory is relevant, helpful, an d a complex topic.ReferencesBeck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (2012, September 11). BECK DEPRESSION INVENTORY-SECOND EDITION (BDI-II) 1996. Retrieved from http//www.acf.hhs,gov/programs/opre/ehs/perf/res_meas_phic.html Beck Depression Inventory. (2008). In L. J. Fundukian & J. Wilson (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Mental Health (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 123-124). Detroit Gale. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX2699900051&v=2.1&u=uphoenix&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w Colman, A. M. (2006). OXFORD DICTIONARY OF PSYCHOLOGY (2nd ed.). unsanded York, NY Oxford University Press, Inc. Eskelinen, M. & Ollonen, P. (2011). Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in patients with breast disease and breast cancer a prospective case-control study. Retrieved from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282743 Hogan, T. P. (2007). Psychological testing A practical understructure (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley. Robbins, P. R. (2003). understanding PSYCHOLOGY (3rd ed.) . Portland, ME Walch Publishing. Sashidharan, T., Pawlow, L. A., & Pettibone, J. C. (2012). An examination of racial bias in the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(2), 203-209. doi10.1037/a0027689 T. Beck, R. A. Steer, & G. K. Brown (2006). RCMAR Measurement Tools Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II). Retrieved from http//www.musc.edu/dfm/RCMAR/Beck.html

Gap Year After Graduation Essay

Nowadays, students leaving high school regularly travel, do spontaneous conk or a job in a crack year before going on to higher raising. Undoubtedly, students occupy various benefits from experiments in possibility year. It is app arnt that after rigorous terms, a break year which students possibly travel, volunteer society or do unpredictable work before deciding to join in higher development stimulates positively their pragmatic and adaptive capability. Initially, those dynamic activities possibly enhance trial-and-error ability of youngsters who passively acquire knowledge during high school.In evidence, learners feasibly cut into miracles of foreign languages when they practice experimentally via travelling or voluntary work in abroad. More significantly, not only can a gap year improves practical ability but excessively enhances communication cleverness through youngsters real factual experiences. Only by adapting to a changeable and flexible environment can studen ts expend their own(prenominal) skill and learn how to communicate effectively. Accordingly, a period time which students serve them after high school period effects advantageously to their practical and soft skill.That the young experience in gap year is not only a principal platforms which help them choose higher education form but also a chance to become more mature. A gap year with profound considerations cumulated by real experiments justifies what material body of higher education they ar advisedly appropriate for. The young who are able to apply into universities and passionate studying advanced knowledge site accurately their choice. Nevertheless, others who are appropriate for practicing in actual spirit also ascertain that their selection is vocation.Additionally, facing to challenge of real life leads them to be awareness profoundly of the changing world. Hardly can the young be mature when they always are protected carefully by parents and are not responsible for t hemselves. Briefly, a gap year is precious chances which place upright the young identify what they real want. Therefore, challenge in real life which students pass in a gap year is also of import experiments for developing in the future.

Performance Measurements Essay

surgical operation measurements ar used to measure up and define effect in a propose. They are used to skip over and manage jump on toward achieving specific scheme goals. Performance measurements help crack how decision-making processes of a externalise led to its supremacy or failure, understanding these elicit help organizations stumble future improvements. It is a protrusion managers responsibility to measure performance based on the triple constraints of time, cypher, and calibre of a project.There are many performance measurements a project manager stern use based on the type of project at hand, this paper compares and contrasts the following measurements * Earned Value * Customer rapture * Requirements Performance Earned Value Earned Value measures employ performed in ground of schedule and budget of a project. It helps identify schedule and budget mishaps in all areas of a project. Earned Value is an approach where you superint block off the project plan , actual work, and work-completed value to see if a project is on track.Earned Value shows how much of the budget and time should have been spent, with believe to the amount of work done so far (Haughey, 2013). It measures veritable performance in a project, which helps project managers determine what the future performance exit be. Using get value, project managers can determine how much work is completed vs. , how much was expected to be completed at a certain point in a project. Based on the earned value, project managers can make changes to the way the project is progressing in terms of specific tasks, schedule, and budget to bring it back on track for sure-fire completion. Earned Value provides the project manager with an objective way of cadence performance and predicting future outcomes.This can enable him or her to report progress with greater confidence and highlight any overrun earlier. This in turn, enables the management team to make cost and time allocation decis ions earlier than would differently be the case (Haughey, 2013). Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is a performance measure that determines if client expectations are being met. At the end of a project, guest satisfaction is what determines if a project was a success or a failure. give-driven organizations must consider client satisfaction as a critical success factor. Organizations that deliver projects that disregard customer ask create negative experiences and ultimately cause huge problems for the organization (Karim, 2012).Project managers must make sure customer expectations and requirements are in filiation with the project continually during the life of a project. Following are few of the steps he or she can take to ensure customer satisfaction * Balance customer needs with companys customer service needs. Make sure customer requirements are deliverable and intelligibly communicate those that arent. * Gather continual feedback from customers to measure thei r satisfaction and improve current processes. * Customer satisfaction should be given as much grandeur as time, budget, and quality in project. * Include and inform customers when any changes are made in a project. * Effective communication between the customer and Project manager, and between the project manager and project team is rattling important. Requirements performanceMeeting requirements is a key factor in metre project performance. It is important to make sure that the right requirements have been gathered, and they are detailed as clearly as possible. Requirements in a project can be both functional and non-functional. If a project is conflict all of its requirements, it can be a key factor that indicates if it impart be a successful one. To measure this factor you need to cultivate measures of fit, which means the solution completely satisfies the requirement.A requirements performance index can measure the degree to which project results meet requirements Fit crit eria are usually derived some time after the requirement description is first compose (Pennypacker, n. d. ). In conclusion, there are many ways to measure project performance and each project has its unique set of performance measurements. Performance measurements are important to track the progress of a project and to make sure the project is on target. Performance measurements are used to manage and control a project to ensure its successful completion.

To what extent do World Trade Organization rules act as a barrier to international environmental governance?

IntroductionThe gradual opening of the arteries of humanness trade through the World swap Organisation (WTO), while resuscitating planetary economics and organism a symbol of the hyperliberalisation of trade, has been strangling environmental security footfalls (Conca 2000, Lowenfeld 2008 ONeill & fire 2005). The need for an essenceive, robust and objective way to decompose worldwide junks is arguably, in the light of the relentless and inexorable integration of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before (Friedman 1999), stronger than ever and a retreat to the unilateralist ideologies which gave save to the First World War is almost unthinkable now apt(p) our interdependence on each other. The question is toilette the environment be protected while the aggressive expansion of trade continuesThe birth, by accident, of the spheric Agreement on Tariffs and foxiness (GATT) in 1945, was part of an indefatigable private road to combat trade protectionism, discriminatory trade policies and most significantly gird conflict as a means of resolving disputes in the call down of the second world war (Irwin, Mavroidis & Sykes 2008, Lowenfeld 2008, Wilcox 1949). One of the pronounced goals of trade repose is the removal of trade barriers and with the accession of China to the WTO, which replaced the GATT in 1995, the hyperliberalisation of trade is fabrication pace with 153 members and 97% of world trade (Conca 2000, p.484). This unrestricted access, while confessedly positive for economic growth, has been perceived by many commentators as cosmos inimical to the quest for world(a) ecological sustainability as Conca, the most atheistical critic, puts it (Ibid). World Trade Organisation rules have, to a large finale, acted as a barrier to international environmental governance both substantively and procedurally. In monetary value of the national lawfulnesss and the WTO, the destabilization of international environme ntal regimes and procedural rules the WTO has hindered rather than helped environmental initiatives both nationally and internationally. There have been near signs of progress, however, with a sound destroyed report by the join Nations and the WTO in 2010 acknowledging for the first time that some restrictions on the liberalization of trade will be needed to shinny humor change (WTO-UNEP Report 2010) and other commentators discerning a go away towards an accommodation amongst the nonions of free trade and environmental protection (ONeill & burn 2005, p.319). It is also vital to note that Concas strident objections, while relevant, were scripted in the year 2000 after just five years of the WTO and indeed omits one weighty WTO endings. Nevertheless the authors biting critique must be answered and his view is not entirely with aside justification as notwithstanding in 2012The WTO has proven to be profoundly anti-environmental both procedurally and substantively, handin g down environmentally damaging decisions whenever it has had the chance to do so. Fears of a race to a colly bottom be proving prescient, and optimism that trade rules can be greened from within has waned appreciably (Conca 2000, p.484).Part 1WTO rules and the environment WTO/GATT, national laws and decisionsOne of the central objections to the WTO rules in the bowl of environmental policy is that they, in Concas words, to a lower placecut national policies (2000, p.486). Erich Vranes adopts to a greater ex decennaryt(prenominal) mature terminology for this level of interaction which he labels as good as between domestic measures and WTO law (Vranes 2009). Concas objections arise when a national environmental regulation is challenged under WTO rules and, without exception between 1995 and 2000, turn over down an anti-environmental decision (Conca 2000, p.486). There have been six decisions relating to environmental issues under the old GATT regime and just three under the w ise WTO rules (WTO website 2012). The fount which sparked the hostility to the GATT/WTO regimes is the Tuna/Dolphin case (case 1) where dolphins were be caught in tunny nets and dying unnecessarily in the hunt for tuna (Lowenfeld 2008, p.315). The US judicature sought to prohibition all tuna imports from Mexico which brought a dispute dependency proceeding under the old GATT rules under denomination XXIII. Americas defence under article XX (the oecumenical exceptions article) was based on the protection of animal animation and the conservation of exhaustible resources and proved swollen-headed as the Panel found in favour of the Mexicans with the dislodge on tuna contrary to article XI(1) of the GATT and unjustified by obligate XX(b) or (g) (Lowenfeld 2008, p.317). The other cases under the old GATT regime concerned American revenue on gas guzzling cars brought by the EU in October 1994, the supposed son of Tuna/Dolphin where the EU flourishingly challenged the Mari ne mammal Protection Act in June 1994, the father of the Tuna/Dolphin dispute successfully brought by Canada against the USA in February 1982 and finally two successful cases brought by the US against firstly Thailand for the restriction and taxation of cig atomic number 18ttes in November 1990 and second against Canada regarding the exports of herring and salmon (WTO website accessed 2012).Concas powerful criticism was written alone after two WTO decisions on the environment had been handed down and the rules were interpret narrowly firstly unify States Standards for reformulated and conventional gasoline in 1996. In this case, brought by Venezuela and Brazil against the US, measures to ensure imported gasoline complied with air theatrical role restrictions were found to be discriminatory although the WTO panel did emphasize that it was Americas discrimination against imports, which were cogitation to more stringent measures than exports, which crippled their case not that t hey didnt have a defence or indeed a shocking cause. Secondly, in a strikingly similar complaint to the tuna/dolphin decision brought in 1998, India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand all challenged US legislation which banned all imports of commercial seafood, pursuant to the Endangered Species Act, to save turtles instead of dolphins join States result Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products. Although the US befuddled this case, again by virtue of discriminatory behavior, it is clear that the seeds were sown for a fresh start and as Lowenfeld points out, this appellate decision had sought to wear the conflict between the trade and environment communities (2008, p.323). boostmore, had the US not discriminated, because it is certain that they would have won both on imports of gasoline and prawn and indeed the second decision in the shrimp case confirms this (ONeill & burn down 2005) . This analysis leaves just one WTO decision in the 21st degree centigrade European Communities Measures affecting asbestos and asbestos-containing products. In this trailblazing decision, brought in 2001 by Canada against the EC ban on asbestos products, the WTO panel found, affirmed later on appeal, that France was entitled to ban much(prenominal) harmful products under the very provisions so controversial in the tuna/dolphins casethe Panel found that the French ban could be justified under denomination XX(b). In other words, the measure could be regarded as one which was necessary to protect animal, human, plant life or health. It also met the conditions of the chapeau of Article XX. It therefore ruled in favour of the European Communities. (WTO website accessed 2012)1.2 International environmental regimesAnother powerful criticism leveled at the WTO rules is the perceived parallel at an international level where Conca discerns a WTO-based bane to a broad array of international environment regimes (Conca 2000, p.487). This holy terror, which Vrane labels a s be on a horizontal level between WTO law and state-supported international law including treaty agreements (Vrane 2010), is, according to Conca, brought about because these international environmental regimes often depend on trade related measures for their implementation and bill (2000, p.488). The main problems are firstly that the WTOs existence is having a chilling effect on global semipolitical imagination (Ibid). Conca justifiably points out that the 1994 Amendment to the Basel concourse, which sought to ban the trade in hazardous go offs, may substantially be one of the last to target the trafficking of environmental hazards. The continued political impasse concerning the Kyoto Treaty lends weight to Concas observations although perhaps, in light of the global recession, the international environmental arena is anyway sterile (Rajamani 2008). Secondly Article XI of GATT, which prohibits quantitative import/export restrictions is often cited as being a stumbling bloc k and could well be used as the priming of a WTO challenge against environmental regimes such as the one which exists with find to logging (Conca 2000, p.489). This problem is still a hypothetical one that nonetheless is relevant and demonstrates perhaps that the rules have had a chilling effect on numerous proposed environmental regimes (ONeill & Burns 2005, p.330). Conca cites the example of a young logging regime which failed to materialize at the Seattle conference (ibid). Finally the Basel Convention on hazardous waste is cited by Conca as a plainIneffectiveness and a huge loophole for waste recycling kept the waste tradealive, leading a coalition of developing countries and environmental activists to fight down through the Basel ban at a 1994 conference of the parties. The constant threat of a WTO challenge has inhibited the collection of the national ratifications needed for the amendment to come in into force, and undercuts efforts to use the regime (Conca 2000, p.489 )Part 2 Procedural Rules of the WTO2.1 Burden of induction, preventative principle and Amicus CuriaeFinally the rules of the WTO themselves have been justifiably seen as stacking the deck against those who are struggle for the environment (Lowenfeld 2008, p.327). The burden of create is, as Conca observes, squarely on the shoulders of those contention for environmental precaution (Conca 2000, p.485). The presumption of a violation means that the outgrowth against whom the complaint has been brought, will re alone the charge and the party which is asserting the favorable of a particular claim will bear the burden of proof a rule which is universal to all disputes and not just the environmental issues (Sebastian 2010). Lowenfeld also points to the precautionary principle which dictates thatuncertainty regarding the adverse environmental effects of an activity should not be a bar to adoption of measures to prohibit or otherwise regulate the activity, but that such uncertainty provides an plausive justification for adopting such measures (2008, p.333).The Beef Hormones case is often cited in linkup with this embryonic principle. The Appellate Body held here that this principle was not yet part of customary law but that it was commonsense to weigh the badness of the danger against the degree of wish welllihood that the danger would be enhanced by the challenged activity (Ibid). Lowenfeld suggests that this line of reasoning could lead to the WTO adopting a worst- case scenario parameter which would, quite understandably, undermine environmental protection (Ibid). The author concludes by findthe precautionary principle as formulated by the European friendship seems too harsh. On the one hand, it is susceptible to misuse for purposes of competition and protection on the other, it seems both to overestimate and underestimate science (Ibid at p.334).Further to the burden of proof and the precautionary principle are the Amicus Curiae briefs the closed door proceedings used to make it ticklish for the stakeholders usually so closely intimated with environmental action (charities and so on to participate and are still difficult to surmount. This procedural innovation, which is a creature of statute, has enabled certain organisations to provide opinions to supplement decisions which are often made by lawyers and economists who usually have little cognition of environmental effects (Conca 2000, p.485). Those accommodateting the Amicus Curiae briefs can be WTO members or non-state actors and it is important to note that the acceptance of such briefs is an exercise of discretion on the part of the Panel (Stern 2006). The fact that such briefs have bend more commonplace bring outes Concas arguments a little but, as far-famed above, it is ultimately a question of discretion as to whether an organization is allowed to submit such a brief. What is clear is that the complex ways in which ecosystems can be corrupted do not always fit intimately into the burden of proof system.2.1 Interpretation of Article XX of GATTThe interpretation of this article is key to much of the criticism of the GATT/WTO. In both Tuna-Dolphin and Shrimp-Turtle cases it has been noticed that these general exceptions to GATT provisions has been interpreted narrowly by both GATT and WTO panels respectively (ONeill & Burns 2005, p.325). This narrow interpretation has fuelled a lot of criticism with the panel in Shrimp/Turtle expressly saying that the WTO supports countries who hold such noble goals and that it was because of the USs discriminatory behavior that they held against the US. As noted above, however, the decision in European Communities Measures affecting asbestos and asbestos-containing products could be the beginning of a new era of interpreting the exceptions as they relate to environmental protection. Certainly the WTO has been tippy to the criticism it has received from many quarters about its handling of such cases. Whet her Concas observation that Playing by WTO rules, the first definitive proof of harm will often be irreversible ecosystem collapse is problematic in the current climate and, arguably, about a decade out of touch (2000, p.485).ConclusionIn conclusion the rules of the WTO to a large extent are acting as a barrier to international environmental governance. In wrong of the undermining of national and international laws, the procedural flaws in terms of the burden of proof, the precautionary principle and the amicus curiae briefs as well as the narrow interpretation of article XX, the WTO has a lot of damage to undo in the coming years. Much has been written on this volatile subject and it is clear that Conca (2000) is the most scathing critic. His polemic is out of date, however, and although many of his conclusions are valid his overriding point, that there is an anti-green agenda in the WTO is slowly being unraveled. Indeed as far back as the 1998 Shrimp-Turtle case it has been disc erned by astute commentators like ONeill and Burns that the decision is a pro-environmental one, albeit resulting in ultimate defeat for the USA. The recent joint UN-WTO report (2010) is an indicator of the commission which the WTO is going in and the most recent case involving environmental action, the EU-Canada Asbestos case, confirms that a broader interpretation of article XX can provide positive environmental results. Perhaps the greening of the WTO has begun and no doubt the scathing criticism of authors like Conca had something to do with their new-found green credentials. A proper reform of the WTO rules is required but perhaps the tide has already turned as Barkin observesthe incompatibility between the rules of the international trading regime and the need for responsible management of the global environment is substantially overstated, and that official interpretations of these rules are becoming consistently more environmentally-friendly over time (Barkin 2005, p.334).B ibliographyJournalsConca, Ken (2000) The WTO and the Undermining of Global Environmental Governance inspection of International Political Economy 73 Autumn pp 484 494Rajamani (2008) From Berlin to Bali and beyond Killing Kyoto Softly? International & Comparative Law Quarterly 57(4) pp909-9392.0 BooksBarkin, Samuel.J (2005) The Environment, Trade and International Organisations in Dauvergne, Peter (ed) Handbook of Global Environmental political science Edward Elgar CheltenhamFriedman, Thomas (2000) The Lexus and the Olive Tree Anchor Books UKIrwin, Mavroidis & Sykes (2008) The Genesis of the GATT Cambridge University tug world(a)Lowenfeld, Andreas F. International Economic Law (2008) (2nd ed) Oxford Uni Press Oxford, New York.ONeill, Kate & Burns, C.G William (2005) Trade Liberalization and Global Environmental Governance the Potential for Conflict in Dauvergne, Peter (ed) Handbook of Global Environmental Politics Edward Elgar CheltenhamSebastian, Thomas (2010) The law of permis sible WTO retaliation in Bown and Pauwelyn (eds) The Law, Economics and Politics of Retaliation in WTO Dispute settlement Cambridge University Press worldwideStern, Brigitte (2006) The emergence of non-state actors in international commercial disputes through WTO appellate Body case-law in Sacerdoti, Yanovich and Bohanes (eds) The WTO at ten The Contribution of the Dispute Settlement System Cambridge University Press worldwide new wave den Bossche, Peter (2008). The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organization, UK Cambridge University PressVranes, Erich (2009) Trade and the Environment Fundamental Issues in International Law, WTO law and legal Theory Oxford University Press Oxford3.0 StatuteEndangered Species ActGATT 1947 Articles XXII and XXIIIMarine mammal Protection Act 1972Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes4.0 WebsitesWTO, WTO and UNEP rear a report explaining for the first time the connections between trade and climate change, 26 J une 2009, Press/559. UNEP issued an identical press release on the same day, usable at www.wto.org/english/news.e/pres09_e/pr559_e.htm.WTO website accessed on 2nd February and available from http//www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/envir_e.htm5.0 DecisionsGATT United States Taxes on Automobiles, impression not adopted, circulated on 11 October 1994. Case brought by EU. United States Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, son of tuna-dolphin, opinion not adopted, circulated on 16 June 1994. Case brought by EU. United States Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, the tuna-dolphin case, ruling not adopted, circulated on 3 September 1991. Case brought by Mexico, etc. Thailand Restrictions on the Importation of and Internal Taxes on Cigarettes, ruling adopted on 7 November 1990. Case brought by US. Canada Measures Affecting Exports of Unprocessed Herring and Salmon, ruling adopted on 22 March 1988. Case brought by US. United States Prohibition of Imports of Tuna and Tuna Products f rom Canada, ruling adopted on 22 February 1982. Case brought by Canada.WTO European Communities Measures affecting asbestos and asbestos-containing products. WTO case No. 135. notion adopted on 5 April 2001. Case brought by Canada. United States Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, the shrimp-turtle case. WTO case Nos. 58 and 61. control adopted on 6 November 1998. Case brought by India, Malaysia, Pakistan and Thailand. Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU. Ruling adopted on 21 November 2001. Case brought by Malaysia. United States Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, WTO case Nos. 2 and 4. Ruling adopted on 20 May 1996. Case brought by Venezuela and Brazil.