'Anthropology Exam Review\r'

'The scientific playing ara of gays, Including their origins, appearance and material, cultural and sociable development. Cultural Anthropology: search how destination has shaped people In the past and thread day. Physical Anthropology: take in where human species came from, how our bodies developed In the p dislike realise, and what makes us unique. psychology: The scientific check of the human smack, kind states, and human demeanor.Sociology: The scientific study of human societal fashion, including various(prenominal)s, throngs, and societies. dubiousness Model: A scientific gravel use to organize thoughts, observations and relevant scientific information leading us to b ar-assed oppugns and ideas. Identify the problem or question Develop a hypothesis coope array selective information Analyze the data pass outside conclusion Archaeology: Excavate animal(prenominal) remains of past closes to recognise and repair them.Some study cultures with no writt en picture (prehistory) or study sites that feel a recorded history to supplement their sense of the culture. Linguistic Anthropology: Study human voice communications and how lyric poem guesss and expresses culture. Ethnology: The study of the origins and cultures of deferent races and peoples. They atomic number 18 demand-to doe with with coupling customs, kinship patterns, political and scotch agreements, religion, art, music and technology. Most often study a culture by participant observation. human vs..Primates Similarities Differences The bond surrounded by stick and infant is serious for extr go creation ar the only order Primates adapt to Bipedal bring in as a real long infant dependency stopp board (Time until an individual stinkpot reproduce) Humans have the longest infant dependency goal of any early(a)wise mammal Have eminence hierarchies and aggression among the staminates for access to feed and females Humans argon the only primates wit h a symbolic, spoken langu get on and the physical ability of speech Groom or clean virtuoso another Humans are the only primates who run low In separates and mate In pairs air through facial expressions, touch, visualization, and body language Humans develop grasping feet, in advance facing eyes and relatively big(a) brains Pharmacology: Study the anatomy and miens of animation primates. Paleontology: The study of human ancestors establish on evidence from distant evolutionary past. Human Variation: Genetic differences in the midst of people and populations to understand the differences surrounded by people. They probe to find out how and why human beings are contrasting and try to understand these differences from an evolutionary perspective. Forensic Anthropology: Help effectual agencies to identify human remains aft(prenominal) mass disasters, wars, homicides, suicides, or accidental deaths. They are usu tout ensembley paleontologists or archaeologists who have sp ent years studying human cram and fossils. nicety: All of the learned behaviors, flavors, attitudes, and ideals of a grumpy society or population. nuance is versed: a We learn most thoughts, behaviors and determine we continue to learn for our breeding Culture is Shared: a If a multitude or society thinks or acts in finicky slip government agency, those capture part of culture b If a small group shares cultural valuate, they whitethorn belong to a SUBCULTURE: Share characteristics of the every stainall culture, but as well as have important distinctive ideas and behaviors Culture Defines Nature: a Culture raft limit, fulfill, expand or in other ways puzzle out our biological demand and inherited tendencies Culture Shapes how we perceive and figure the World: Ex.Intuit have numerous ways to describe snow because it was important to their survival Culture has Patterns: a Cultures arent random collections of belief and behavior; if champion aspect removes, so do oth ers b Underlying cultures are certain core determine and creation beholds that are usually taken for allow by members of the culture c We are often unaware of the values we perceptiveness because they seem self-evident Un organized call into question: No questions are pre-established and the researcher has diminished control over a respondents answers. Pros: get out researcher to test out his or her initial ideas and great deal lead to a greater understanding of the topic Cons: whitethorn be deception between interviewer and interviewee Semi-structured query: Go with an outline of types of information valued but not a fixed list of questions. Pros: Good if you have genius chance to meet the person Cons: It stomach be easy to stray away from the topic you fill info on Structured Interview: Use a set list of questions that dont change. Should be used when researcher is very clear on the topic and other information is soft available.Pros: squeeze out be used efficien tly by non-experts Does not require family bay window produce consistent data Cons: Cannot adapt to change and are unsympathetic questions May obtain limited answers participant Observation: Observes a group and participates as a member. Kinship Systems Bilinear: A governance of rules of family descent where stock tie in and rights of inheritance through both male and female ancestors are of equal importance. matrilineal: Societies in which descent is traced through mothers sort of than through fathers. Patrimonial: A system in which family descent is reckoned through the blood connecters of males. Types of wedding Monogamy: A relationship where an individual has one partner. ProsOnly juristic type of marriage in Canada devotion to apiece other Prevents Sexually transfer Infections Cons high uper divorce rate smorgasbord partners over a behavior prison term High divorce and remarriage rate Polygamy: A form of marriage that involves multiple partners. Pros Symbol o f wealthiness and acquiring wealth Man is cared for by multiple people Enjoy lodge of copies Emotionally and financially difficult short delight Confusion of family Bridgewater (A cultural system where the groom must pay a father in order to attach his daughter Polyandry: A form of marriage with one wife and multiple husbands pros often of space Sexual rights and economic responsibilities Can respond to antithetical environ psychic and fond constraints Cons Increased workload Must look after all husbands Love Marriage: A person chooses who they want to marry.Choose your life partner Personal desires are important 50% percent divorce rate in USA, and 33% in Canada Families may not be close since one family may not manage the other Arranged Marriage: Someone else chooses the partner for the person. Pros Only 5-7% divorce rate conterminous family ties, extended family households and parental support in maintaining the marriage Cons No real feelings of love for other person Couples personal desires arent as important faith: Cultural beliefs of the weird that people use to cope with problems of existence. ghostlike questions help people to understand crowning(prenominal) questions such as: Why are we here? What is death? Why does wretched happen to some and not others? trust satisfies psychological needs common to all people in the faces of uncertainty morality provides community and affirms a persons place in society, making its believers feel part of a community and giving them confidence Multiculturalism: An political orientation that states that all cultures are of equal value and would be promoted equally in spite of appearance the aforesaid(prenominal) nation. Acculturation: The meeting of two or more cultural groups and the resulting cultural changes to each group. Assimilation: Individuals want to have workaday interaction with other cultural groups and choke behind their own cultural heritage. schooldayss of Psychology styleism: Behavioral conditioning in the forms of classical and operant conditioning.Psychoanalysis: ID: Expresses sexual and self-asserting instincts; follows the pleasure principle EGO: Mediates between desires of the old and the demands of the Superego; follows the laity principle SUPEREGO: Represents scruples and the rules of society; the moral centre of the mind Humanism: Hierarchy of call for †Describes the system of motivation, explaining that basic needs must be fulfilled before higher-order needs become important. Safety Needs Belongingness and love Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Cognitive: The mental process in the brain ladd with idea, well-read and remembering. Classical Conditioning: Created by Ivan Pavlov A kind of learning that transcends when a knowledgeable input (CSS) is paired with an innate(p) stimulus (US) EX.Dog drooling test He k innovative he could get an un learned response (drooling) when he presented the unconditioned stimulus ( sustenance) To test his theory, Pavlov took a impersonal stimulus (bell) and began to ring it at the homogeneous time that the dog received its food by and by a while, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with receiving food, a conditioned stimulus, since it produced a conditioned response operative Conditioning: Created by B. F. Skinner A type of learning in which an individuals behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences EX. Rat and pigeon try out Skinner developed a calamity that had a bar on one wall When pressed, a food shooter fell into the detain Inside the box, a rat was rewarded with food each time it pressed the bar Within a short time, the rat was furiously deal away hoarding its pellets in the cage Erik Erikson believed that humans continue to develop over their lifetime rather than just in their shaverhood.He in like manner believed that individual growth depends on society, not barely personal experiences. care Disorder: Affects a persons behavi or, thoughts, emotions, and physical wellness. conclude Anxiety Disorder (GAD) †Worrying, nervousness, tension psychoneurotic Disorder (COD) †Obsessions and compulsions Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PUTS) †After a person is exposed a traumatic event Depression: irritation disorder involving a pervasive, unhappy, or galling irritation. It is much more severe than Just unhappiness, and may interfere with a persons life if not treated. Bi-Polar Disorder: A mental illness characterized by periods of elevated mood and periods of depression.Behavioral form Model Pre-contemplation: not thinking about or intending to change a problem Contemplation: Aware of a desire to change a particular behavior Preparation: The action is think in the near future, typically measurable as inside the next xxx days Action: Marks the outgrowth of the actual change occurring Maintenance: Maintaining this unsanded behavior ascription opening: We link the behavior of others to their disposition or to an impertinent situation. As a result, your interpretation of a person endure be different than a friends view. We are more seeming to attribute a persons behavior to their sexual disposition rather than a situation.Fundamental Attribution Theory: The tendency to overestimate the wedge of arsenal disposition and underestimate the intrusion of loving influences when analyzing the behaviors of others. neighborly thinking affects behavior by affecting sensation and perception. (Sensation †Activates sense receptors) (Perception †Select, organize and interpret data). Attitude affects behavior Attitudes are infectious and can affect the people that are near the person, which in turn can influence their behavior. penury directs behavior towards specific goals. Mental health affects behavior by creating irregular social norms. Intrinsic pauperization: Desire to coiffe a working class for its own sake.Extrinsic Motivation: Desire to perform a task due to external factors, such as reward, threat or punishment. Attitude and Behavior Consistency Theory: Assume that individuals need consistency between attitude and behavior. Change attitude by creating inconsistency in knowledge and behavior. Learning Theories: Study the influence of stimuli on other stimuli to create an steamy response. Change attitude by utilize classical and operant conditioning techniques. Social popular opinion Theories: Study how prior attitudes change the perspectives of persuasive messages that influence their persuasion. Changed attitude by taking fair and unbiased messages. available Theories: Questions proposed of attitudes.Change attitude by creating inconsistency between an attitude and a lick. Structural Functionalism: Takes the view that various segments of society serve a purpose for society as a whole; they believe that social problems are temporary and institutions will improve over time. Sociologist †Emilie Druthers Conflict Theory: Expre sses the view that power, not function, holds a society unneurotic. nightclub is seen as groups of people acting unitedly in competition and in this, may erupt to bring about change. Sociologist †Karl Marx symbolical Interactions: Focuses on how individuals learn about their culture †how they subjectively interpret, then act upon their social world.Sociologist †Max Weber Feminist Sociology: Focuses on women and gender equality in society. They underscore a better understanding of the social roles of men and women in different cultures. Sociologist †Dorothy smith Primary and Secondary Agents of Colonization Family: The family is amenable for(p) for meeting the individuals basic needs and providing beliefs involve to survive in this world. It is within the family structure that you are get-go introduced to right and wrong, priggish and improper, and appropriate and inappropriate. The family shapes behavior throughout life, and is the first agent a person is introduced to. A family is any combination of two or more people who are strand together over time.Types of Families Nuclear Family: A family that consists of spouses and their dependent children Extended: A family system in which several generations live together in one household Lone-parent: A family that consists of one family living with one or more pendent children Blended Family: A family in which divorced partners with children from a previous sexual union marry Same-Sex Family: A family that consists of two individuals of the said(prenominal) gender, with to without kids School/Work: Lasts 12-20 years of an individuals life. School socializes children in knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to help them function in society. Work typically lasts until the age of 65 or until the person can retire. School and work teach attitudes, and habits, such as organization, responsibility, promptness, cooperation, and respect for authority.Peer Groups: At age 2-3, children co me into contact with their colleague groups which brings on with it new personality types, behaviors and attitudes. Adolescent peer groups tend to influence colonization to a greater degree due to the speedy change in society. Helps to understand relationships and situations like friendliness, compromising, dealing with disappointment, and coping with rejection. Culture and Religion: Each culture has a different perception of gender roles. Society largely determines appropriate roles for a man or woman. Religion is an aspect of ultra and also plays a socializing role in a persons life. It is usually introduced first Media: Media influences what we check out, how we say it, what we think etc.Positive Influences: Informing us of new policies/laws, promoting healthy eating and exercise, encouraging family values Negative Influences: Focusing on prohibit aspects, promotes negative behaviors Social Identity: The way you define yourself to the world and to yourself. Life Stages Not e veryone passes through them, nor do they have to occur in the same order classify: An exaggerated view or Judgment made about a group or class of people. Discrimination: The act of treating groups of individuals unfairly based on their race, gender, or other common characteristics. Prejudice: An individual judgment, about or active disgust towards another social group.Formation of Discrimination wise to(p) Theory Not innate †versed through colonization small fryren often bring prejudicial views until adolescence Can learn through media Competition Theory The key fence for discrimination is economic competition Whenever an economic crisis occurs, people assume immigrants are responsible Creates competition between unemployed and immigrants Frustration-Aggression Theory Shortcomings an individual experiences financially provides reason to resent a group that appear to have greater wealth Frustration can be displaced and turned into culture Can lead to escape goats Ignoranc e Theory lack of personal and social experience can cause people to make awry(p) assumptions about someone If we refuse to learn, we may see actions as strange or odd Norms: Expectations about how people should behave. Sanctions: Rules within a group that encourage or discourage certain kinds or behavior.Rioting: Takes place because of civil disorder/social grievance. fear: An irrational response by individuals or a group that is caused by a dangerous event. Abnormal Colonization Child crime Physical Abuse: encroachment or inflicting personal harm inappropriately Neglect: The failure to provide physical or emotional necessities of life. Emotional Abuse: Repeatedly criticizing or subjecting a child to an unhappy or disturbing environment. furious: Children deserted at a offspring age and were raised by animals. Ex. Joana Malayan (Discovered at the age of 8 in her backyard, raised by dogs) Isolate: Children raised in near isolation within human households.\r\n'