Risk Identification In Water Treatment Plant Projects Construction Essay

Risk Identification In weewee word Plant Projects Construction EssayProjects ordure fail for a summate of reasons and the encounters atomic number 18 always high. All go out, program, and portfolio are subject to assay, whether positive or negative take chancess. The aim is to decrease negative perilinesss and enhance positive bumps.Managing finds is atomic number 53 of the virtually spellant tasks for the expression industry as it directly affects befuddle out seeded players. Unfortunately, me really organizations do non realize that there is a necessity to include take a chance management as a key instalment to success in business. Hence, some(prenominal) organizations delegate the risk management tasks departure to someone to needs to plan, identify, assess, develop response plans, and control risks or do just part/ parts of the risk cognitive executiones. It is not integrated into their nominate management philosophy.Project risk management has been int ensively discussed in new-fashioned years. Projects are becoming shared efforts of multiple parties construction industry is a good drill of an area, where the throw off outcome is delivered in an extremely convoluted actor net take shape. This paper discuss identified the common and specific risks that may occur in the radical projects speci on the wholey in the urine discussion plant projects in Egypt consequently we dumbfound initial mind to these risks by means of and by means of a questionnaire was designed using the matrix method then we serve analyzing of the responses of this questionnaire.IntroductionThis paper is foc utilise only on the qualitative assessment of the risks. We use the matrix method for the assessment of these risks.Responses to the questionnaire were then pile up and analyzed. The abstract included ranking the risks in basis of degree of accompaniment (probability) (v.high, high, med, offset, truly low) the level of influences ( blow ) (v.high, high, med, low, very low) as the future(a) matricesA prevalent piddle system bring home the bacon system is composed of irrigate system sources, raw water contagious disease pipes, water intercession plants, and water distri unlession networks. so far, these components and subsystems supply the greatest opportunities for both natural and valet-related influences because most of them are spatially diverse and inletible. With respect to this, researchers take on identified the potential vulnerable areas during the subprogram of delivering water from the sources to the customers as (see omen 1) (1) water sources (e.g., river, reservoir, and wells) (2) water discourse plant that removes impurities and harmful agents and makes water fit for domestic consumption and other uses which consists of Screen, Mixing tank, Flocculation basin, Settling tank, Sand filter, Disinfection (3) water distribution pipelines that deliver clean water on demand to homes, mercenary establishments, and industries which consists of pipes, pumps, junctions/nodes, fitting (4) storages (tanks water towers) and (5) other facilities (transmission pipes, channels, pumps, valves, etc.).These vulnerable points are the focus of risk assessment.Figure 1 Elements and vulnerable points in a general water supply systemQUANTITY REQUIREMENTSFactors affecting used Consider the undermentioned factors affecting use ashore* Water uses (domestic, industrial, fire protection)* Peak demands (all uses).* separate internal demands.* Missions of the activity.* Climatic personal effects.Water preaching plantWater treatment plant is the most deductionant facility in a water supply system to remove contaminants in raw water, purify hardened water, and produce drinkable water to consumers. However, hazards may be introduced during the process of treatment, or hazardous circumstances may allow contaminants to pass through treatment in significant concentrations.Constituents of drink able water can be introduced through the treatment process, including chemical additives used in the treatment process or results in contact with water. Further much, suboptimal filtration following filter backwashing can flow to the submission of pathogens into the distribution system. Three attributes are crucial to water users* There moldiness be adequate quantities of water on demand.* It must be delivered at sufficient pressure.* It must be safe to use.In our paper we go away focus on the Water treatment plant in the water supply system which considers an important part in the water supply system. We provide discuss the risks may occur in the projects we get out make an initial assessment to these risks but at the beginning we give give overview of risk management in the construction projects specially the infrastructure projects which have by the political science, we exit discuss the risks from the view of declarer.Research methodologyA questionnaire was designed for assessment for all possible risks that may occur in the water treatment plant projects in EGYPT which some of these risks are general risks that may happen in all infrastructure projects and some are specific risks for the water treatment plant projects through the construction occasion phase as discussed previous in the submit of risks identification then forward to some of managers in. This paper is focused only on the qualitative assessment of the risks. We use the matrix method for the assessment of these risks.Responses to the questionnaire were then collected and analyzed. The analysis included ranking the risks in terms of degree of detail (probability) (v. high, high, med, low, very low) the level of influences (impact) (v. high, high, med, low, very low) as the following matrices1- Identification of risksCategories of risks for infrastructure and service delivery projects1-Political risksPolitical risks are the first class of risks identified. It contains all th e risks of regimen actions that may endanger a project.1-1 Political nurture risks soldiery government support is essential for all infrastructure projects (ex government support for the owner disputes on shore up)1-2 Taxation risksTaxation risks mat raises of tax rate, or applied new tax tariffs, which, may lead to decrease the instrument profit and unbalanced project cash melt.1-3 Import/export restrictions riskThe import and export restriction risk covers the legislation changes, which arrange the import of the equipment.1-4 Failure to obtain approvals.Failure to obtain approval risk occurs when the primal or local anaesthetic government authority does not approve the project-related issues in beat or even cancels the ones already approved. Obtaining approvals for a project from intricate web of government agencies and departments, from municipal to provincial to central government levels, can be extremely quantify-consuming process, appreciationing entire projects an d hurting their fiscal viability.2-Financial risksThe risk that the financiers will not provide or continue to provide championship to the project2-1 Delayed Payment by the governmentPayments on time are considered extremely important by the declarers maintain the cash flow and eliminate pecuniary difficulties . Delayed payment will influence the financial situation of the contractor, especially if the collectable payment is substantial and or detain for a yen time.2-2 Changes in law regulationLocal authorities and government have specific codes and regulations that might be changed or revised from time to time. These regulations must be adhered to by contactors. But this has low probability to occurrence in our project because it is owned by the government.2-3 Inflation risksThis risk category mainly depends on the economic conditions of the country. As the inflation increases this risk becomes to a greater extent than important.2-4 Interest rate changes.2-5 Devaluation risk s.2-6 Financial failureFinancial failure of any company (contractor or owner) wills significant impact the projects schedule and consequently the reckon. This is more than likely happen in big projects where the owner (government) might not have sufficient fund for the project or the contractor bids low on the project.3- Development risksDevelopment risks describes the risk of the bidding procedures, which are very important part of the project, the bid evaluation criteria must be intelligibly defined and the bids must be evaluated in a public and heading manner, the chances for success are predictable.The competitive bidding systems usually lead to terms and conditions more favorable to the national interest. An orderly and transparent bidding procedure should also win public support for that project which can top the problems that seem the contractor such(prenominal) as land owner disputes.3-1 bidding risksThe bidding process in Egypt includes the following risks, which can face the contactor contractor spend high terms for the preparation of the feasibility studies, investigation, design, planning and musical theme of the project to be able to tender. Contractor warred about the risks of their innovative proposals be put out to competitive tender without gaining exclusivity or preferential treatment from other competitors.3-2 Planning hamperThe planning delay risks refer to the delay of the tender evaluation by the government officials whom responsible to do such task.3-3 Approval risksDelays in approval risk appear when the central of local government authority does not approve the project-related issues in time. Obtaining approvals for a project from complex web of government agencies and departments, from municipal to provincial to central government levels, can be extremely time-consuming process, delaying entire projects and hurting their financial viability.3-4 Force majeure riskForce majeure risk is the risk that a condition event compl etely outside the control of either party will occur and will result in a delay or default by the contractor in the performance of its contractual obligations. for example cyclone, earthquake, outbreak of war.4-Site riskSite risk is the risk that the project land will be unavailable or unable to be used at the rentd time because of Land owner disputes that the pose will generate unanticipated liabilities, with the result that the service delivery and revenues are adversely affected.4-1 Site accessThis risk category refers to the right of way and access to the project send. This an important category especially if the project is in a remote or undeveloped area or where access is moderate to small trucks where large construction tools like big trucks and loaders cannot get into the project put. Also, this important when the project is located in a very block area or access to other facilities and public areas need to be blocked or detoured in some stages of the project.4-2 Statu tory approvals.4-3 Environmental issues4-4 differing site conditionThis is a clear risk category and could happen in most of construction projects. For instance the imperfection conditions changes and the contractor might face or hard soil during excavation instead of soft soil as the top layer at the site showed or as the tender document may have indicated. Another example is vacuum tube buried utility piping, power cables and high water table area. These types of differing site conditions occur mostly in renovation and /or expansion of existent projects where new construction interface with the existing structures. These differing site conditions will pray extra efforts and may necessitate special equipment and tools for excavation and/or de-watering.4-5 suitability of the site and any existing infrastructureMeans existing of any underground infrastructures (e.g. sewage pipes)5- Construction risksConstruction risks are the identified risk category which contains the risks face up the project during the construction phase which can be highly affect on the project cost and in gambol the investment needs to complete the project. It can be endanger to the feasibility of the project.5-1 Delay risksDelay risk means delay in the construction time schedule which, can be occur ascribable to abject project management applied or due to bad cost estimation, which lead to financial failure.5-2 Cost overrun risksCost overrun risk occur when construction costs exceed original estimates, either due to inflation, non realistic cost estimation, excessive design changes or lack of risk management framework.5-3 Re performance riskRe performance risk is occurred due to reconstruct or maintains the bad work done by unqualified contractor.5-4 Completion riskCompletion risk refers to the non-completion of the project due to effect of vehemence majeure or unforeseen soil conditions.5-5 Variation risksA change in work is an important risk category in the construction projects . It could be change in work procedures, methodology o change of plans and scope of work. These changes might lead to change orders demolitions and re-working and must be considered in the assessments of risks because they affect the project budget, schedule, safety and eccentric.Normally changes in work result because of insufficient planning at the project definition stage or because of lack of clear scope and drawing detail or simply because the owner s desire to make changes to the project.5-6 Loss or damage to workLoss or damage to work risks rises by the unforeseen soil conditions or sectionalisation of equipment, which are common occurrences on any construction site, especially for large civil engineering projects. Usually, these will have repercussion on cost and time but the effects are usually surmountable with today s technology.5-7 Force majeure riskForce majeure risk is the risk that a specified event entirely outside the control of either party will occur and will re sult in a delay or default by the contractor in the performance of its contractual obligations during the construction period. For example, earthquake, outbreak of war.5-8 Mistakes in installation of pipes.5-9 Mistakes in installation valves of pipes.5-10 The permeability of the reservoir during a test.5-11 assiduity equipment availabilityThis risk category is mainly related to the availability of some of the resources namely, constancy, material and equipment. Certain jobs may require specific skilled expertness and /or special material and equipment that might not available or scarce in the local market and take a long time to procure. For example a skilled a qualified welder or special lifting and fitting of some heavy structure that may require crane capacity or piece of equipment that is not available in the local market may force the contractor to hire a certain skilled labor and import the special piece of the equipment or change the construction method to suit. This is mo re likely to happen in complex major projects or projects involving some degree of high scientific complexity like water treatment plant project.5-12 Labor equipment productivenessLike the previous risk category, certain jobs involving the productivity of labors and equipment might be affected because of the complexity of jobs or the nature of the work. if this not routine, then the labor and/or the equipment operator need to go through a teaching curve. Another example that might affect labor and equipment productivity is the team spirit of the labor and the use of defective tools and equipment.5-13 defective materialMaterial is essential resource for construction projects and there is need for quality control and quality assurance to eliminate material replacement and re-work. this risk category becomes more important for lump sum contracts if the specifications were not well defined.5-14 labor disputesThis is more likely to happen in large companies where the work forces are multinationals who come from different countries with different background or where the relationships betwixt management and workforce are tense. Usually any labor dispute is either unconquerable internally or by the local authorities and police.5-15 Safety fortuitySafety and accidents in construction projects can not overlooked, especially when the projects involves sibylline excavation or high elevation construction. The risk category is acquire in the construction industry but can be minify by following safety rules and the use of safety equipment such as goggles, safety hats and shoes.5-16 Coordination with sub. ContractorCoordination with sub-contractors and material suppliers is an important task especially in a multi-player environment like big construction projects. Beside it could be savage if not kept smooth, in a timely manner and continuous. Miss-coordination between subcontractors and material suppliers (especially for long lead items) will lead to schedule and budget overruns.5-17 Quality of workQuality of work would resile the reputation of the contractor and might either rank him on the top of contractors or force him out of the market. Generally, owners (government) strive to get a quality end product by their project and contractors try their best to deliver quality projects. However poor workmanship that leads to demolition and rework will negatively impact the project budget and schedule. Also, interior quality of work will reflect the bad reputation of the contractor.Good quality and assurance programs will helps ignore the negative effects of this category.6- Operation risksOperation risk describes the category of risks faced the project during the guarantee period of the facilities, which starts after project completion keep for one year such as equipment breakdown or the stripping of defects in the work which may hinder the revenue generating capability.6-1 Technical risksThe breakdown of equipment or failures of any part of the project which are common occurrences on any project, Usually, these will have repercussions on cost and time but effects are usually surmountable with today s technology.6-2 decadence riskIt the risk of occurrence of failure or breakdown in any part of the water treatment plant, e.g.(breakdown of the pipes, or failure of tanks in the system) during the guarantee period of the project.6-4 Force majeure riskForce majeure is the risk that a specified event entirely outside the control of either party will occur and will result in a delay or default by the contractor in the performance of its contractual obligations during the operation period. For example cyclone, earthquake, outbreak of war.Water treatment plantWater treatment plant is the most important facility in a water supply system to remove Contaminants in raw water, disinfect treated water, and produce drinkable water to consumers.However, hazards may be introduced during the process of treatment, or hazardous circumst ancesMay allow contaminants to pass through treatment in significant concentrations. Constituents of drinkable water can be introduced through the treatment process, including chemical additives used in the treatment process or products in contact with water. Furthermore, suboptimal filtration following filter backwashing can lead to the introduction of pathogens into the distribution system. Meanwhile extreme natural hazards, willful human attacks, or interdependency failures (e.g., power failures) can all introduce risks in water treatment process.CONCLUSIONSBased on the results analysis of the risks discussed in the previous, the following conclusions were reachedFrom the analysis of the six risk categories depended on the questionnaire received from five managers in the Arab company, our conclusions were as follow* The most slender risks in the political risks were the import export restriction failure to obtain approval, the last(a) deprecative risks were revenue risks.* The most full of life risks in the financial risks were the devaluation risks payment failure. the lowest critical risks inflation risks.* The most critical risks in the development risks were the bidding risks the lowest critical risks force majeure risks.* The most critical risks in the site risks were the differing site condition risks the lowest critical risks site access risks.* The most critical risks in the construction risks were the cost overrun risks coordination between the subcontractor the lowest critical risks force majeure some risks discussed in the matrix.* The most critical risks in the operation risks were the force majeure risks the lowest critical risks technical risks.* At all the most critical risks category in the construction risks category.REFERENCES1. Risk management of the BOT projects in Egypt. by Ibrahim Ahmed Ibrahim Hara Faculty of engineering at Cairo University.2. http//www.google.com.eg/search?hl=arq=2ech10_riskbtnG=%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB+Go ogle%E2%80%8Fmeta=aq=f oq=3. http//www.google.com.eg/search?hl=arq= berate+11+RISK+MANAGEMENTbtnG=%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB%21meta=4. Hierarchical Risk sound judgment of WaterSupply SystemsHuipeng LiSubmitted for the Degree ofDoctor of Philosophy fromLoughborough University5. sagaciousness OF RISK MANAGEMENT PERCEPTION AND PRACTICES OF CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTOR IN Saudi ARABIA.BY ALI ABDULLAH AL SALMAN.APPENDIXES